NKF
K/DOQI GUIDELINES
|
NKF
K/DOQI GUIDELINES
|
I. CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR VASCULAR ACCESS
REFERENCES
1. Eknoyan G, Levin NW: Impact of the new K/DOQI guidelines. Blood Purif 20:103-108, 2002
2. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services: 2004 Annual Report. End-Stage Renal Disease Clinical Performance Measures Project. Baltimore, MD, Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Center for Beneficiary Choices, 2004
3. Pisoni RL, Young EW, Dykstra DM, et al: Vascular access use in Europe and the United States: Results from the DOPPS. Kidney Int 61:305-316, 2002
4. Mehta S: Statistical summary of clinical results of vascular access procedures for haemodialysis, in Sommer BG, Henry ML (eds): Vascular Access for Hemodialysis-II (ed 2). Chicago, IL, Gore, 1991, pp 145-157
5. Kaufman JL: The decline of the autogenous hemodialysis access site. Semin Dial 8:59-61, 1995
6. The Cost Effectiveness of Alternative Types of Vascular access and the Economic Cost of ESRD. Bethesda, MD, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 1995, pp 139-157
7. Feldman HI, Kobrin S, Wasserstein A: Hemodialysis vascular access morbidity. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:523-535, 1996
8. Eggers P, Milam R: Trends in vascular access procedures and expenditures in Medicare's ESRD program, in Henry ML (ed): Vascular Access for Hemodialysis-VII. Chicago, IL, Gore, 2001, pp 133-143
9. Lee H, Manns B, Taub K, et al: Cost analysis of ongoing care of patients with end-stage renal disease: The impact of dialysis modality and dialysis access. Am J Kidney Dis 40:611-622, 2002
10. Besarab A, Sullivan KL, Ross RP, Moritz MJ: Utility of intra-access pressure monitoring in detecting and correcting venous outlet stenoses prior to thrombosis. Kidney Int 47:1364-1373, 1995
11. Carlson DM, Duncan DA, Naessens JM, Johnson WJ: Hospitalization in dialysis patients. Mayo Clin Proc 59:769-775, 1984}
12. Feldman HI, Held PJ, Hutchinson JT, Stoiber E, Hartigan MF, Berlin JA: Hemodialysis vascular access morbidity in the United States. Kidney Int 43:1091-1096, 1993
13. Mayers JD, Markell MS, Cohen LS, Hong J, Lundin P, Friedman EA: Vascular access surgery for maintenance hemodialysis. Variables in hospital stay. ASAIO J 38:113-115, 1992
14. Dhingra RK, Young EW, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Leavey SF, Port FK: Type of vascular access and mortality in U.S. hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 60:1443-1451, 2001
15. Woods JD, Port FK: The impact of vascular access for haemodialysis on patient morbidity and mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12:657-659, 1997
16. Xue JL, Dahl D, Ebben JP, Collins AJ: The association of initial hemodialysis access type with mortality outcomes in elderly Medicare ESRD patients. Am J Kidney Dis 42:1013-1019, 2003
17. Polkinghorne KR, McDonald SP, Atkins RC, Kerr PG: Vascular access and all-cause mortality: A propensity score analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:477-486, 2004
18. Sands J, Perry M: Where are all the AV fistulas? Semin Dial 15:146-148, 2002
19. McCutcheon B, Weatherford D, Maxwell G, Hamann MS, Stiles A: A preliminary investigation of balloon angioplasty versus surgical treatment of thrombosed dialysis access grafts. Am Surg 69:663-667; discussion 668, 2003
20. National Kidney Foundation: DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Vascular Access. Am J Kidney Dis 30:S150-S191, 1997 (suppl 3)
21. Hood SA, Schillo B, Beane GE, Rozas V, Sondheimer JH: An analysis of the adequacy of preparation for end-stage renal disease care in Michigan. Michigan Renal Plan Task Force. ASAIO J 41:M422-M426, 1995
22. Glanz S, Gordon DH, Lipkowitz GS, Butt KM, Hong J, Sclafani SJ: Axillary and subclavian vein stenosis: Percutaneous angioplasty. Radiology 168:371-373, 1988
23. Harland RC: Placement of permanent vascular access devices: Surgical considerations. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1:99-106, 1994
24. Palder SB, Kirkman RL, Whittemore AD, Hakim RM, Lazarus JM, Tilney NL: Vascular access for hemodialysis. Patency rates and results of revision. Ann Surg 202:235-239, 1985
25. Raju S: PTFE grafts for hemodialysis access. Techniques for insertion and management of complications. Ann Surg 206:666-673, 1987
26. Tordoir JH, Herman JM, Kwan TS, Diderich PM: Long-term follow-up of the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prosthesis as an arteriovenous fistula for haemodialysis. Eur J Vasc Surg 2:3-7, 1988
27. Trerotola S: Interventional radiology in central venous stenosis and occlusion. Semin Interv Radiol 11:291-304, 1994
28. Barrett N, Spencer S, McIvor J, Brown EA: Subclavian stenosis: A major complication of subclavian dialysis catheters. Nephrol Dial Transplant 3:423-425, 1988
29. Marx AB, Landmann J, Harder FH: Surgery for vascular access. Curr Probl Surg 27:1-48, 1990
30. Schwab SJ, Quarles LD, Middleton JP, Cohan RH, Saeed M, Dennis VW: Hemodialysis-associated subclavian vein stenosis. Kidney Int 33:1156-1159, 1988
31. Spinowitz BS, Galler M, Golden RA, et al: Subclavian vein stenosis as a complication of subclavian catheterization for hemodialysis. Arch Intern Med 147:305-307, 1987
32. Gonsalves CF, Eschelman DJ, Sullivan KL, DuBois N, Bonn J: Incidence of central vein stenosis and occlusion following upper extremity PICC and port placement. Cardiovasc Interv Radiol 26:123-127, 2003
33. Abdullah BJ, Mohammad N, Sangkar JV, et al: Incidence of upper limb venous thrombosis associated with peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC). Br J Radiol 78:596-600, 2005
34. Allen AW, Megargell JL, Brown DB, et al: Venous thrombosis associated with the placement of peripherally inserted central catheters. J Vasc Interv Radiol 11:1309-1314, 2000
35. Martin C, Viviand X, Saux P, Gouin F: Upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis after central venous catheterization via the axillary vein. Crit Care Med 27:2626-2629, 1999
36. Allon M, Lockhart ME, Lilly RZ, et al: Effect of preoperative sonographic mapping on vascular access outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 60:2013-2020, 2001
37. Ascher E, Gade P, Hingorani A, et al: Changes in the practice of angioaccess surgery: Impact of dialysis outcome and quality initiative recommendations. J Vasc Surg 31:84-92, 2000
38. Gibson KD, Caps MT, Kohler TR, et al: Assessment of a policy to reduce placement of prosthetic hemodialysis access. Kidney Int 59:2335-2345, 2001
39. Silva MB Jr, Hobson RW II, Pappas PJ, et al: A strategy for increasing use of autogenous hemodialysis access procedures: Impact of preoperative noninvasive evaluation. J Vasc Surg 27:302-307; discussion 307-308, 1998
40. Mendes RR, Farber MA, Marston WA, Dinwiddie LC, Keagy BA, Burnham SJ: Prediction of wrist arteriovenous fistula maturation with preoperative vein mapping with ultrasonography. J Vasc Surg 36:460-463, 2002
41. Robbin ML, Gallichio MH, Deierhoi MH, Young CJ, Weber TM, Allon M: US vascular mapping before hemodialysis access placement. Radiology 217:83-88, 2000
42. Malovrh M: Approach to patients with end-stage renal disease who need an arteriovenous fistula. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:Sv50-Sv52, 2003 (suppl 5)
43. Wong V, Ward R, Taylor J, Selvakumar S, How TV, Bakran A: Factors associated with early failure of arteriovenous fistulae for haemodialysis access. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 12:207-213, 1996
44. Patel MC, Berman LH, Moss HA, McPherson SJ: Subclavian and internal jugular veins at Doppler US: Abnormal cardiac pulsatility and respiratory phasicity as a predictor of complete central occlusion. Radiology 211:579-583, 1999
45. Passman MA, Criado E, Farber MA, et al: Efficacy of color flow duplex imaging for proximal upper extremity venous outflow obstruction in hemodialysis patients. J Vasc Surg 28:869-875, 1998
46. Smits JH, Bos C, Elgersma OE, et al: Hemodialysis access imaging: Comparison of flow-interrupted contrast-enhanced MR angiography and digital subtraction angiography. Radiology 225:829-834, 2002
47. Gracz KC, Ing TS, Soung LS, Armbruster KF, Seim SK, Merkel FK: Proximal forearm fistula for maintenance hemodialysis. Kidney Int 11:71-75, 1977
48. Tordoir JH, Dammers R, van der Sande FM: Upper extremity ischemia and hemodialysis vascular access. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 27:1-5, 2004
49. Cull JD, Cull DL, Taylor SM, et al: Prosthetic thigh arteriovenous access: Outcome with SVS/AAVS reporting standards. J Vasc Surg 39:381-386, 2004
50. Flarup S, Hadimeri H: Arteriovenous PTFE dialysis access in the lower extremity: A new approach. Ann Vasc Surg 17:581-584, 2003
51. Gradman WS, Cohen W, Haji-Aghaii M: Arteriovenous fistula construction in the thigh with transposed superficial femoral vein: Our initial experience. J Vasc Surg 33:968-975, 2001
52. Huber TS, Seeger JM: Approach to patients with “complex” hemodialysis access problems. Semin Dial 16:22-29, 2003
53. Debing E, Van den Brande P: Axillo-axillary arteriovenous fistula as a suitable surgical alternative for chronic haemodialysis access. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:1252-1253, 1999
54. Han KM, Duijm LE, Thelissen GR, et al: Failing hemodialysis access grafts: Evaluation of complete vascular tree with 3D contrast-enhanced MR angiography with high spatial resolution: Initial results in 10 patients. Radiology 227:601-605, 2003
55. Miller CD, Robbin ML, Barker J, Allon M: Comparison of arteriovenous grafts in the thigh and upper extremities in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:2942-2947, 2003
56. Coronel F, Herrero JA, Mateos P, Illescas ML, Torrente J, del Valle MJ: Long-term experience with the Thomas shunt, the forgotten permanent vascular access for haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:1845-1849, 2001
57. Perera GB, Mueller MP, Kubaska SM, Wilson SE, Lawrence PF, Fujitani RM: Superiority of autogenous arteriovenous hemodialysis access: Maintenance of function with fewer secondary interventions. Ann Vasc Surg 18:66-73, 2004
58. Huber TS, Carter JW, Carter RL, Seeger JM: Patency of autogenous and polytetrafluoroethylene upper extremity arteriovenous hemodialysis accesses: A systematic review. J Vasc Surg 38:1005-1011, 2003
59. Nassar GM, Ayus JC: Infectious complications of the hemodialysis access. Kidney Int 60:1-13, 2001
60. Gulati S, Sahu KM, Avula S, Sharma RK, Ayyagiri A, Pandey CM: Role of vascular access as a risk factor for infections in hemodialysis. Ren Fail 25:967-973, 2003
61. Brescia MJ, Cimino JE, Appel K, Hurwich BJ: Chronic hemodialysis using venipuncture and a surgically created arteriovenous fistula. N Engl J Med 275:1089-1092, 1966
62. Cantelmo NL, LoGerfo FW, Menzoian JO: Brachiobasilic and brachiocephalic fistulas as secondary angioaccess routes. Surg Gynecol Obstet 155:545-548, 1982
63. Dunlop MG, Mackinlay JY, Jenkins AM: Vascular access: Experience with the brachiocephalic fistula. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 68:203-206, 1986
64. Fan PY, Schwab SJ: Vascular access: Concepts for the 1990s. J Am Soc Nephrol 3:1-11, 1992
65. Kherlakian GM, Roedersheimer LR, Arbaugh JJ, Newmark KJ, King LR: Comparison of autogenous fistula versus expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft fistula for angioaccess in hemodialysis. Am J Surg 152:238-243, 1986
66. Kinnaert P, Vereerstraeten P, Toussaint C, Van Geertruyden J: Nine years' experience with internal arteriovenous fistulas for haemodialysis: A study of some factors influencing the results. Br J Surg 64:242-246, 1977
67. Munda R, First MR, Alexander JW, Linnemann CC Jr, Fidler JP, Kittur D: Polytetrafluoroethylene graft survival in hemodialysis. JAMA 249:219-222, 1983
68. Ryan JJ, Dennis MJ: Radiocephalic fistula in vascular access. Br J Surg 77:1321-1322, 1990
69. Windus DW: Permanent vascular access: A nephrologist's view. Am J Kidney Dis 21:457-471, 1993
70. Begin V, Ethier J, Dumont M, Leblanc M: Prospective evaluation of the intra-access flow of recently created native arteriovenous fistulae. Am J Kidney Dis 40:1277-1282, 2002
71. Johnson CP, Zhu YR, Matt C, Pelz C, Roza AM, Adams MB: Prognostic value of intraoperative blood flow measurements in vascular access surgery. Surgery 124:729-737; discussion 737-738, 1998
72. Robbin ML, Chamberlain NE, Lockhart ME, et al: Hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula maturity: US evaluation. Radiology 225:59-64, 2002
73. Albers FJ: Causes of hemodialysis access failure. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1:107-118, 1994
74. Weyde W, Krajewska M, Letachowicz W, Klinger M: Superficialization of the wrist native arteriovenous fistula for effective hemodialysis vascular access construction. Kidney Int 61:1170-1173, 2002
75. Bagolan P, Spagnoli A, Ciprandi G, et al: A ten-year experience of Brescia-Cimino arteriovenous fistula in children: Technical evolution and refinements. J Vasc Surg 27:640-644, 1998
76. Rooijens PP, Tordoir JH, Stijnen T, Burgmans JP, Smet de AA, Yo TI: Radiocephalic wrist arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis: Meta-analysis indicates a high primary failure rate. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 28:583-589, 2004
77. Nazzal MM, Neglen P, Naseem J, Christenson JT, al-Hassan HK: The brachiocephalic fistula: A successful secondary vascular access procedure. Vasa 19:326-329, 1990
78. Nghiem DD: Angioaccess by reverse brachiocephalic fistula. Am J Surg 153:574-575, 1987
79. Stonebridge PA, Edington D, Jenkins AM: 'Brachial/basilic vein' transposition for vascular access. J R Coll Surg Edinb 40:219-220, 1995
80. Goff CD, Sato DT, Bloch PH, et al: Steal syndrome complicating hemodialysis access procedures: Can it be predicted? Ann Vasc Surg 14:138-144, 2000
81. Hossny A: Brachiobasilic arteriovenous fistula: Different surgical techniques and their effects on fistula patency and dialysis-related complications. J Vasc Surg 37:821-826, 2003
82. Segal JH, Kayler LK, Henke P, Merion RM, Leavey S, Campbell DA Jr: Vascular access outcomes using the transposed basilic vein arteriovenous fistula. Am J Kidney Dis 42:151-157, 2003
83. Zielinski CM, Mittal SK, Anderson P, et al: Delayed superficialization of brachiobasilic fistula: Technique and initial experience. Arch Surg 136:929-932, 2001
84. Caplin N, Sedlacek M, Teodorescu V, Falk A, Uribarri J: Venous access: Women are equal. Am J Kidney Dis 41:429-432, 2003
85. Konner K, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Roys EC, Port FK: Tailoring the initial vascular access for dialysis patients. Kidney Int 62:329-338, 2002
86. Murphy GJ, Nicholson ML: Autogeneous elbow fistulas: The effect of diabetes mellitus on maturation, patency, and complication rates. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 23:452-457, 2002
87. Nguyen VD, Griffith C, Treat L: A multidisciplinary team approach to increasing AV fistula creation. Nephrol News Issues 17:54-56, 58, 60, 2003
88. Salgado OJ: Basic steps for increasing the rate of autogenic vascular accesses for hemodialysis. Ther Apher Dial 7:238-243, 2003
89. Didlake R, Curry E, Bower J: Composite dialysis access grafts. J Am Coll Surg 178:24-28, 1994
90. Humphries AL Jr, Nesbit RR Jr, Caruana RJ, Hutchins RS, Heimburger RA, Wray CH: Thirty-six recommendations for vascular access operations: Lessons learned from our first thousand operations. Am Surg 47:145-151, 1981
91. Owens ML, Stabile BE, Gahr JA, Wilson SE: Vascular grafts for hemodialysis: Evaluation of sites and materials. Dial Transplant 8:521-530, 1979
92. Anderson CB, Sicard GA, Etheredge EE: Bovine carotid artery and expanded polytetrafluroethylene grafts for hemodialysis vascular access. J Surg Res 29:184-188, 1980
93. Butler HG III, Baker LD Jr, Johnson JM: Vascular access for chronic hemodialysis: Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) versus bovine heterograft. Am J Surg 134:791-793, 1977
94. Tordoir JH, Debeylaan P: The morbidity of secondary vascular access. A lifetime of intervention. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 19:559, 2000 (letter)
95. Johansen K, Lyman D, Sauvage L: Biomaterials for hemodialysis access. Blood Purif 12:73-77, 1994
96. Bone GE, Pomajzl MJ: Prospective comparison of polytetrafluoroethylene and bovine grafts for dialysis. J Surg Res 29:223-227, 1980
97. Elliott MP, Gazzaniga AB, Thomas JM, Haiduc NJ, Rosen SM: Use of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for vascular access in hemodialysis: Laboratory and clinical evaluation. Am Surg 43:455-459, 1977
98. Jenkins AM, Buist TA, Glover SD: Medium-term follow-up of forty autogenous vein and forty polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) grafts for vascular access. Surgery 88:667-672, 1980
99. Kaplan MS, Mirahmadi KS, Winer RL, Gorman JT, Dabirvaziri N, Rosen SM: Comparison of “PTFE” and bovine grafts for blood access in dialysis patients. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 22:388-393, 1976
100. Lilly L, Nighiem D, Mendez-Picon G, Lee HM: Comparison between bovine heterograft and expanded PTFE grafts for dialysis access. Am Surg 46:694-696, 1980
101. May J, Harris J, Patrick W: Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts for haemodialysis: Patency and complications compared with those of saphenous vein grafts. Aust N Z J Surg 49:639-642, 1979
102. Sabanayagam P, Schwartz AB, Soricelli RR, Lyons P, Chinitz J: A comparative study of 402 bovine heterografts and 225 reinforced expanded PTFE grafts as AVF in the ESRD patient. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 26:88-92, 1980
103. Tellis VA, Kohlberg WI, Bhat DJ, Driscoll B, Veith FJ: Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft fistula for chronic hemodialysis. Ann Surg 189:101-105, 1979
104. Rubio PA, Farrell EM: Human umbilical vein graft angioaccess in chronic hemodialysis: A preliminary report. Dial Transplant 8:211-212, 1979
105. Etheredge EE, Haid SD, Maeser MN, Sicard GA, Anderson CB: Salvage operations for malfunctioning polytetrafluoroethylene hemodialysis access grafts. Surgery 94:464-470, 1983
106. Rizzuti RP, Hale JC, Burkart TE: Extended patency of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for vascular access using optimal configuration and revisions. Surg Gynecol Obstet 166:23-27, 1988
107. Rubio PA, Farrell EM: Modified human umbilical vein arteriovenous fistula for maintenance hemodialysis: A 3 1/2-year experience. Arch Surg 117:943-945, 1982
108. Kanterman RY, Vesely TM, Pilgram TK, Guy BW, Windus DW, Picus D: Dialysis access grafts: Anatomic location of venous stenosis and results of angioplasty. Radiology 195:135-139, 1995
109. Beathard GA: Mechanical versus pharmacomechanical thrombolysis for the treatment of thrombosed dialysis access grafts. Kidney Int 45:1401-1406, 1994
110. Beathard GA: Thrombolysis versus surgery for the treatment of thrombosed dialysis access grafts. J Am Soc Nephrol 6:1619-1624, 1995
111. Beathard GA: Percutaneous transvenous angioplasty in the treatment of vascular access stenosis. Kidney Int 42:1390-1397, 1992
112. Turmel-Rodrigues L, Pengloan J, Baudin S, et al: Treatment of stenosis and thrombosis in haemodialysis fistulas and grafts by interventional radiology. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:2029-2036, 2000
113. Coyne DW, Lowell JA, Windus DW, et al: Comparison of survival of an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft designed for early cannulation to standard wall polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. J Am Coll Surg 183:401-405, 1996
114. Matsuda H, Miyazaki M, Oka Y, et al: A polyurethane vascular access graft and a hybrid polytetrafluoroethylene graft as an arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis: Comparison with an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft. Artif Organs 27:722-727, 2003
115. Peng CW, Tan SG: Polyurethane grafts: A viable alternative for dialysis arteriovenous access? Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 11:314-318, 2003
116. Bosman PJ, Blankestijn PJ, van der Graaf Y, Heintjes RJ, Koomans HA, Eikelboom BC: A comparison between PTFE and denatured homologous vein grafts for haemodialysis access: A prospective randomised multicentre trial. The SMASH Study Group. Study of Graft Materials in Access for Haemodialysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 16:126-132, 1998
117. Matsuura JH, Johansen KH, Rosenthal D, Clark MD, Clarke KA, Kirby LB: Cryopreserved femoral vein grafts for difficult hemodialysis access. Ann Vasc Surg 14:50-55, 2000
118. Nakao A, Miyazaki M, Oka Y, et al: Creation and use of a composite polyurethane-expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft for hemodialysis access. Acta Med Okayama 54:91-94, 2000
119. Kiyama H, Imazeki T, Kurihara S, Yoneshima H: Long-term follow-up of polyurethane vascular grafts for hemoaccess bridge fistulas. Ann Vasc Surg 17:516-521, 2003
120. Rayner HC, Pisoni RL, Gillespie BW, et al: Creation, cannulation and survival of arteriovenous fistulae: Data from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Kidney Int 63:323-330, 2003
121. Beathard GA, Settle SM, Shields MW: Salvage of the nonfunctioning arteriovenous fistula. Am J Kidney Dis 33:910-916, 1999
122. Faiyaz R, Abreo K, Zaman F, Pervez A, Zibari G, Work J: Salvage of poorly developed arteriovenous fistulae with percutaneous ligation of accessory veins. Am J Kidney Dis 39:824-827, 2002
123. Patel ST, Hughes J, Mills JL Sr: Failure of arteriovenous fistula maturation: An unintended consequence of exceeding Dialysis Outcome Quality Initiative Guidelines for Hemodialysis Access. J Vasc Surg 38:439-445; discussion 445, 2003
124. Malik J, Slavikova M, Malikova H, Maskova J: Many clinically silent access stenoses can be identified by ultrasonography. J Nephrol 15:661-665, 2002
125. Berman SS, Gentile AT: Impact of secondary procedures in autogenous arteriovenous fistula maturation and maintenance. J Vasc Surg 34:866-871, 2001
126. Tordoir JH, Rooyens P, Dammers R, van der Sande FM, de Haan M, Yo TI: Prospective evaluation of failure modes in autogenous radiocephalic wrist access for haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:378-383, 2003
127. Leaf DA, MacRae HS, Grant E, Kraut J: Isometric exercise increases the size of forearm veins in patients with chronic renal failure. Am J Med Sci 325:115-119, 2003
128. Glickman MH, Stokes GK, Ross JR, et al: Multicenter evaluation of a polytetrafluoroethylene vascular access graft as compared with the expanded polytetrafluoroethylene vascular access graft in hemodialysis applications. J Vasc Surg 34:465-472; discussion 472-463, 2001
129. Hurlbert SN, Mattos MA, Henretta JP, et al: Long-term patency rates, complications and cost-effectiveness of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts for hemodialysis access: A prospective study that compares Impra versus Gore-Tex grafts. Cardiovasc Surg 6:652-656, 1998
130. Kaufman JL, Garb JL, Berman JA, Rhee SW, Norris MA, Friedmann P: A prospective comparison of two expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for linear forearm hemodialysis access: Does the manufacturer matter? J Am Coll Surg 185:74-79, 1997
131. Lenz BJ, Veldenz HC, Dennis JW, Khansarinia S, Atteberry LR: A three-year follow-up on standard versus thin wall ePTFE grafts for hemodialysis. J Vasc Surg 28:464-470; discussion 470, 1998
132. Kao CL, Chang JP: Fully ringed polytetrafluoroethylene graft for vascular access in hemodialysis. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 11:171-173, 2003
133. Almonacid PJ, Pallares EC, Rodriguez AQ, Valdes JS, Rueda Orgaz JA, Polo JR: Comparative study of use of Diastat versus standard wall PTFE grafts in upper arm hemodialysis access. Ann Vasc Surg 14:659-662, 2000
134. Freischlag JA: Regarding “the effect of venous anastomosis Tyrell vein patch collar on the primary patency of arteriovenous grafts in patients undergoing hemodialysis” and “effects of a venous cuff at the venous anastomosis of polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for hemodialysis vascular access.” J Vasc Surg 32:1235-1236, 2000
135. Lemson MS, Tordoir JH, van Det RJ, et al: Effects of a venous cuff at the venous anastomosis of polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for hemodialysis vascular access. J Vasc Surg 32:1155-1163, 2000
136. Sorom AJ, Hughes CB, McCarthy JT, et al: Prospective, randomized evaluation of a cuffed expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft for hemodialysis vascular access. Surgery 132:135-140, 2002
137. Garcia-Pajares R, Polo JR, Flores A, Gonzalez-Tabares E, Solis JV: Upper arm polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for dialysis access. Analysis of two different graft sizes: 6 mm and 6-8 mm. Vasc Endovasc Surg 37:335-343, 2003
138. Polo JR, Ligero JM, Diaz-Cartelle J, Garcia-Pajares R, Cervera T, Reparaz L: Randomized comparison of 6-mm straight grafts versus 6- to 8-mm tapered grafts for brachial-axillary dialysis access. J Vasc Surg 40:319-324, 2004
139. Dammers R, Planken RN, Pouls KP, et al: Evaluation of 4-mm to 7-mm versus 6-mm prosthetic brachial-antecubital forearm loop access for hemodialysis: Results of a randomized multicenter clinical trial. J Vasc Surg 37:143-148, 2003
140. Glickman MH, Lawson JH, Katzman HE, Schild AF, Fujitani RM: Challenges of hemodialysis access for high risk patients: Impact of mesenteric vein bioprosthetic graft. J Vasc Access 4:73-80, 2003
141. Scher LA, Katzman HE: Alternative graft materials for hemodialysis access. Semin Vasc Surg 17:19-24, 2004
142. Senkaya I, Aytac II, Eercan AK, Aliosman A, Percin B: The graft selection for haemodialysis. Vasa 32:209-213, 2003
143. Rosas SE, Joffe M, Burns JE, Knauss J, Brayman K, Feldman HI: Determinants of successful synthetic hemodialysis vascular access graft placement. J Vasc Surg 37:1036-1042, 2003
144. Cook JW, Schuman ES, Standage BA, Heinl P: Patency and flow characteristics using stapled vascular anastomoses in dialysis grafts. Am J Surg 181:24-27, 2001
145. Lin PH, Bush RL, Nelson JC, et al: A prospective evaluation of interrupted nitinol surgical clips in arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. Am J Surg 186:625-630, 2003
146. Polo JR, Vazquez R, Polo J, Sanabia J, Rueda JA, Lopez-Baena JA: Brachiocephalic jump graft fistula: An alternative for dialysis use of elbow crease veins. Am J Kidney Dis 33:904-909, 1999
147. Fan PY: Acute vascular access: New advances. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1:90-98, 1994
148. Schwab SJ, Buller GL, McCann RL, Bollinger RR, Stickel DL: Prospective evaluation of a Dacron cuffed hemodialysis catheter for prolonged use. Am J Kidney Dis 11:166-169, 1988
149. Shusterman NH, Kloss K, Mullen JL: Successful use of double-lumen, silicone rubber catheters for permanent hemodialysis access. Kidney Int 35:887-890, 1989
150. Moss AH, McLaughlin MM, Lempert KD, Holley JL: Use of a silicone catheter with a Dacron cuff for dialysis short-term vascular access. Am J Kidney Dis 12:492-498, 1988
151. Moss AH, Vasilakis C, Holley JL, Foulks CJ, Pillai K, McDowell DE: Use of a silicone dual-lumen catheter with a Dacron cuff as a long-term vascular access for hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 16:211-215, 1990
152. Canaud B, Beraud JJ, Joyeux H, Mion C: Internal jugular vein cannulation with two silicone rubber catheters: A new and safe temporary vascular access for hemodialysis. Thirty months' experience. Artif Organs 10:397-403, 1986
153. Canaud B, Beraud JJ, Joyeux H, Mion C: Internal jugular vein cannulation using 2 Silastic catheters. A new, simple and safe long-term vascular access for extracorporeal treatment. Nephron 43:133-138, 1986
154. Uldall R, DeBruyne M, Besley M, McMillan J, Simons M, Francoeur R: A new vascular access catheter for hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 21:270-277, 1993
155. Millner MR, Kerns SR, Hawkins IF Jr, Sabatelli FW, Ross EA: Tesio twin dialysis catheter system: A new catheter for hemodialysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 164:1519-1520, 1995
156. Suhocki PV, Conlon PJ Jr, Knelson MH, Harland R, Schwab SJ: Silastic cuffed catheters for hemodialysis vascular access: Thrombolytic and mechanical correction of malfunction. Am J Kidney Dis 28:379-386, 1996
157. Crain MR, Mewissen MW, Ostrowski GJ, Paz-Fumagalli R, Beres RA, Wertz RA: Fibrin sleeve stripping for salvage of failing hemodialysis catheters: Technique and initial results. Radiology 198:41-44, 1996
158. Shaffer D: Catheter-related sepsis complicating long-term, tunnelled central venous dialysis catheters: Management by guidewire exchange. Am J Kidney Dis 25:593-596, 1995
159. Kovalik EC, Raymond JR, Albers FJ, et al: A clustering of epidural abscesses in chronic hemodialysis patients: Risks of salvaging access catheters in cases of infection. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:2264-2267, 1996
160. Caruana RJ, Raja RM, Zeit RM, Goldstein SJ, Kramer MS: Thrombotic complications of indwelling central catheters used for chronic hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 9:497-501, 1987
161. Bander SJ, Schwab SJ: Central venous angioaccess for hemodialysis and its complications. Semin Dial 5:121-128, 1992
162. Schwab SJ: Assessing the adequacy of vascular access and its relationship to patient outcome. Am J Kidney Dis 24:316-320, 1994
163. Atherikul K, Schwab SJ, Twardowski ZJ, et al: What is the role of permanent central vein access in hemodialysis patients? Semin Dial 9:392-403, 1996
164. Cimochowski GE, Worley E, Rutherford WE, Sartain J, Blondin J, Harter H: Superiority of the internal jugular over the subclavian access for temporary dialysis. Nephron 54:154-161, 1990
165. Schillinger F, Schillinger D, Montagnac R, Milcent T: Post catheterisation vein stenosis in haemodialysis: Comparative angiographic study of 50 subclavian and 50 internal jugular accesses. Nephrol Dial Transplant 6:722-724, 1991
166. Vanholder R, Ringoir S: Vascular access for hemodialysis. Artif Organs 18:263-265, 1994
167. Lund GB, Trerotola SO, Scheel PJ Jr: Percutaneous translumbar inferior vena cava cannulation for hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 25:732-737, 1995
168. Kamran T, Zaheer K, Khan AA, Khalid M, Akhtar MS: Applications and complications of subclavian vein catheterization for hemodialysis. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 13:40-43, 2003
169. MacRae JM, Ahmed A, Johnson N, Levin A, Kiaii M: Central vein stenosis: A common problem in patients on hemodialysis. ASAIO J 51:77-81, 2005
170. Hernandez D, Diaz F, Rufino M, et al: Subclavian vascular access stenosis in dialysis patients: Natural history and risk factors. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:1507-1510, 1998
171. Hernandez D, Diaz F, Suria S, et al: Subclavian catheter-related infection is a major risk factor for the late development of subclavian vein stenosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 8:227-230, 1993
172. Conz PA, Dissegna D, Rodighiero MP, La Greca G: Cannulation of the internal jugular vein: Comparison of the classic Seldinger technique and an ultrasound guided method. J Nephrol 10:311-313, 1997
173. Lameris JS, Post PJ, Zonderland HM, Gerritsen PG, Kappers-Klunne MC, Schutte HE: Percutaneous placement of Hickman catheters: Comparison of sonographically guided and blind techniques. AJR Am J Roentgenol 155:1097-1099, 1990
174. Mallory DL, McGee WT, Shawker TH, et al: Ultrasound guidance improves the success rate of internal jugular vein cannulation. A prospective, randomized trial. Chest 98:157-160, 1990
175. Forauer AR, Glockner JF: Importance of US findings in access planning during jugular vein hemodialysis catheter placements. J Vasc Interv Radiol 11:233-238, 2000
176. Yeum CH, Kim SW, Nah MY, et al: Percutaneous catheterization of the internal jugular vein for hemodialysis. Korean J Intern Med 16:242-246, 2001
177. Sotirakopoulos N, Skandalos L, Tsitsios T, Stambolidou M, Karamoschos K, Mavromatidis K: The incorrect placement of hemodialysis catheters in veins. The necessity for urgent x-ray evaluation for its position. Ren Fail 23:127-133, 2001
178. Work J: Chronic catheter placement. Semin Dial 14:436-440, 2001
179. Schnabel KJ, Simons ME, Zevallos GF, et al: Image-guided insertion of the Uldall tunneled hemodialysis catheter: Technical success and clinical follow-up. J Vasc Interv Radiol 8:579-586, 1997
180. Schwab SJ, Beathard G: The hemodialysis catheter conundrum: Hate living with them, but can't live without them. Kidney Int 56:1-17, 1999
181. Stavropoulos SW, Pan JJ, Clark TW, et al: Percutaneous transhepatic venous access for hemodialysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 14:1187-1190, 2003
182. Depner TA: Catheter performance. Semin Dial 14:425-431, 2001
183. Twardowski ZJ, Haynie JD: Measurements of hemodialysis catheter blood flow in vivo. Int J Artif Organs 25:276-280, 2002
184. Atherikul K, Schwab SJ, Conlon PJ: Adequacy of haemodialysis with cuffed central-vein catheters. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:745-749, 1998
185. Baumann M, Witzke O, Dietrich R, et al: Prolonged catheter survival in intermittent hemodialysis using a less thrombogenic micropatterned polymer modification. ASAIO J 49:708-712, 2003
186. Cetinkaya R, Odabas AR, Unlu Y, Selcuk Y, Ates A, Ceviz M: Using cuffed and tunnelled central venous catheters as permanent vascular access for hemodialysis: A prospective study. Ren Fail 25:431-438, 2003
187. Di Iorio B, Lopez T, Procida M, et al: Successful use of central venous catheter as permanent hemodialysis access: 84-Month follow-up in Lucania. Blood Purif 19:39-43, 2001
188. McLaughlin K, Jones B, Mactier R, Porteus C: Long-term vascular access for hemodialysis using silicon dual-lumen catheters with guidewire replacement of catheters for technique salvage. Am J Kidney Dis 29:553-559, 1997
189. Canaud B, Leray-Moragues H, Kerkeni N, Bosc JY, Martin K: Effective flow performances and dialysis doses delivered with permanent catheters: A 24-month comparative study of permanent catheters versus arterio-venous vascular accesses. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17:1286-1292, 2002
190. Perini S, LaBerge JM, Pearl JM, et al: Tesio catheter: Radiologically guided placement, mechanical performance, and adequacy of delivered dialysis. Radiology 215:129-137, 2000
191. Webb A, Abdalla M, Harden PN, Russell GI: Use of the Tesio catheter for hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal failure: A 2-year prospective study. Clin Nephrol 58:128-133, 2002
192. Besarab A, Sherman R: The relationship of recirculation to access blood flow. Am J Kidney Dis 29:223-229, 1997
193. Level C, Lasseur C, Chauveau P, Bonarek H, Perrault L, Combe C: Performance of twin central venous catheters: Influence of the inversion of inlet and outlet on recirculation. Blood Purif 20:182-188, 2002
194. Gallieni M, Conz PA, Rizzioli E, Butti A, Brancaccio D: Placement, performance and complications of the Ash Split Cath hemodialysis catheter. Int J Artif Organs 25:1137-1143, 2002
195. Polaschegg HD, Sodemann K, Feldmer B: Enhancing patency, safety and cost effectiveness of catheters. EDTNA ERCA J 28:28-32, 2002
196. Chow KM, Szeto CC, Leung CB, Wong TY, Li PK: Cuffed-tunneled femoral catheter for long-term hemodialysis. Int J Artif Organs 24:443-446, 2001
197. Tashjian DB, Lipkowitz GS, Madden RL, et al: Safety and efficacy of femoral-based hemodialysis access grafts. J Vasc Surg 35:691-693, 2002
198. Gilding C, Goodeve J, Metcalf S, et al: The utilisation of shared governance to improve vascular access catheter care. EDTNA ERCA J 25:15-17, 1999
199. Oliver MJ: Acute dialysis catheters. Semin Dial 14:432-435, 2001
200. Weijmer MC, ter Wee PM: Temporary vascular access for hemodialysis treatment. Current guidelines and future directions. Contrib Nephrol 137:38-45, 2002
201. Butterly DW, Schwab SJ: Dialysis access infections. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 9:631-635, 2000
202. Dahlberg PJ, Yutuc WR, Newcomer KL: Subclavian hemodialysis catheter infections. Am J Kidney Dis 7:421-427, 1986
203. Kelber J, Delmez JA, Windus DW: Factors affecting delivery of high-efficiency dialysis using temporary vascular access. Am J Kidney Dis 22:24-29, 1993
204. Blake PG, Huraib S, Wu G, Uldall PR: The use of dual lumen jugular venous catheters as definitive long term access for haemodialysis. Int J Artif Organs 13:26-31, 1990
205. Weijmer MC, Vervloet MG, ter Wee PM: Compared to tunnelled cuffed haemodialysis catheters, temporary untunnelled catheters are associated with more complications already within 2 weeks of use. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:670-677, 2004
206. Jaques PF, Mauro MA, Keefe B: US guidance for vascular access. Technical note. J Vasc Interv Radiol 3:427-430, 1992
207. Troianos CA, Jobes DR, Ellison N: Ultrasound-guided cannulation of the internal jugular vein. A prospective, randomized study. Anesth Analg 72:823-826, 1991
208. Tapson JS, Uldall PR: Fatal hemothorax caused by a subclavian hemodialysis catheter. Thoughts on prevention. Arch Intern Med 144:1685-1687, 1984
209. Tapson JS, Uldall R: Avoiding deaths from subclavian cannulation for hemodialysis. Int J Artif Organs 6:227-230, 1983
210. Vanherweghem JL, Cabolet P, Dhaene M, et al: Complications related to subclavian catheters for hemodialysis. Report and review. Am J Nephrol 6:339-345, 1986
211. Vanholder V, Hoenich N, Ringoir S: Morbidity and mortality of central venous catheter hemodialysis: A review of 10 years' experience. Nephron 47:274-279, 1987
212. Zeien LB, Noguchi TT: Fatal hydrothorax associated with subclavian vein catheterization for hemodialysis. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 13:326-328, 1992
213. Falk A, Parthasarathy S: Conversion of temporary hemodialysis catheters to tunneled hemodialysis catheters. Clin Nephrol 63:209-214, 2005
214. Moran JE, Prosl F: Totally implantable subcutaneous devices for hemodialysis access. Contrib Nephrol 142:178-192, 2004
215. Sandhu J: Dialysis ports: A new totally implantable option for hemodialysis access. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 5:108-113, 2002
216. Canaud B, My H, Morena M, et al: Dialock: A new vascular access device for extracorporeal renal replacement therapy. Preliminary clinical results. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:692-698, 1999
217. Schwab SJ, Weiss MA, Rushton F, et al: Multicenter clinical trial results with the LifeSite hemodialysis access system. Kidney Int 62:1026-1033, 2002
218. Sodemann K, Polaschegg HD, Feldmer B: Two years' experience with Dialock and CLS (a new antimicrobial lock solution). Blood Purif 19:251-254, 2001
219. Rayan SS, Terramani TT, Weiss VJ, Chaikof EL: The LifeSite Hemodialysis Access System in patients with limited access. J Vasc Surg 38:714-718, 2003
220. Nosher JL, Bodner LJ, Ettinger LJ, et al: Radiologic placement of a low profile implantable venous access port in a pediatric population. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 24:395-399, 2001
221. Ross JR: Successful treatment of a LifeSite Hemodialysis Access System pocket infection with large-volume kanamycin solution irrigation. Adv Ren Replace Ther 10:248-253, 2003
222. O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Dellinger EP, et al: Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections. Atlanta, GA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002, pp 1-29
223. Pearce BA, Miller LH, Martin MA, Roush DL: Efficacy of clean v sterile surgical prep kits. AORN J 66:464-470, 1997
224. Perelman VS, Francis GJ, Rutledge T, Foote J, Martino F, Dranitsaris G: Sterile versus nonsterile gloves for repair of uncomplicated lacerations in the emergency department: A randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 43:362-370, 2004
225. Stotts NA, Barbour S, Griggs K, et al: Sterile versus clean technique in postoperative wound care of patients with open surgical wounds: A pilot study. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 24:10-18, 1997
226. Alter MJ, Lyerla RL, Tokars JI, Miller ER: Recommendations for Preventing Transmission of Infections Among Chronic Hemodialysis Patients. Atlanta, GA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001, pp 1-43
227. Tokars JI, Arduino MJ, Alter MJ: Infection control in hemodialysis units. Infect Dis Clin North Am 15:797-812, viii, 2001
228. Arenas Jimenez MD, Sanchez-Paya J, Gonzales C, Rivera F, Antolin A: Audit on the degree of application of universal precautions in a haemodialysis unit. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:1001-1003, 1999
229. Arenas MD, Sanchez-Paya J, Barril G, et al: A multicentric survey of the practice of hand hygiene in haemodialysis units: Factors affecting compliance. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:1164-1171, 2005
230. Peleman RA, Vogelaers D, Verschraegen G: Changing patterns of antibiotic resistance—Update on antibiotic management of the infected vascular access. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:1281-1284, 2000
231. McDonald LC, Hageman JC: Vancomycin intermediate and resistant Staphylococcus aureus. What the nephrologist needs to know. Nephrol News Issues 18:63-64, 66-67, 71-72, 2004
232. Taylor G, Gravel D, Johnston L, Embil J, Holton D, Paton S: Prospective surveillance for primary bloodstream infections occurring in Canadian hemodialysis units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 23:716-720, 2002
233. Tokars JI, Light P, Anderson J, et al: A prospective study of vascular access infections at seven outpatient hemodialysis centers. Am J Kidney Dis 37:1232-1240, 2001
234. Tokars JI, Miller ER, Stein G: New national surveillance system for hemodialysis-associated infections: initial results. Am J Infect Control 30:288-295, 2002
235. US Renal Data System: USRDS 2004 Annual Data Report. The National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 2004
236. Sexton DJ: Vascular access infections in patients undergoing dialysis with special emphasis on the role and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Dis Clin North Am 15:731-742, vii, 2001
237. Saxena AK, Panhotra BR, Venkateshappa CK, et al: The impact of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA & MSSA) on vascular access-related septicemia among patients with type-II diabetes on dialysis. Ren Fail 24:763-777, 2002
238. Taylor G, Gravel D, Johnston L, Embil J, Holton D, Paton S: Incidence of bloodstream infection in multicenter inception cohorts of hemodialysis patients. Am J Infect Control 32:155-160, 2004
239. Beathard GA: An algorithm for the physical examination of early fistula failure. Semin Dial 18:331-335, 2005
240. Oder TF, Teodorescu V, Uribarri J: Effect of exercise on the diameter of arteriovenous fistulae in hemodialysis patients. ASAIO J 49:554-555, 2003
241. Rus RR, Ponikvar R, Kenda RB, Buturovic-Ponikvar J: Effect of local physical training on the forearm arteries and veins in patients with end-stage renal disease. Blood Purif 21:389-394, 2003
242. Roca-Tey R, Samon Guasch R, Ibrik O, et al: [Vascular access surveillance with blood flow monitoring: A prospective study with 65 patients]. Nefrologia 24:246-252, 2004
243. Beathard GA, Arnold P, Jackson J, Litchfield T: Aggressive treatment of early fistula failure. Kidney Int 64:1487-1494, 2003
244. Twardowski ZJ: Constant site (buttonhole) method of needle insertion for hemodialysis. Dial Transplant 24:559, 1995
245. Chaiyakunapruk N, Veenstra DL, Lipsky BA, Saint S: Chlorhexidine compared with povidone-iodine solution for vascular catheter-site care: A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 136:792-801, 2002
246. Krau SD: Comment: Chlorhexidine gluconate is more effective than povidone-iodine for preventing vascular catheter related bloodstream infection. Evid Based Nurs 6:18, 2003
247. Beathard GA: Catheter management protocol for catheter-related bacteremia prophylaxis. Semin Dial 16:403-405, 2003
248. Hakim RM, Breyer J, Ismail N, Schulman G: Effects of dose of dialysis on morbidity and mortality. Am J Kidney Dis 23:661-669, 1994
249. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services: 2003 Annual Report. End Stage Renal Disease Clinical Performance Measures Project. Baltimore, MD, Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Center for Beneficiary Choices, 2003
250. Rocco MV, Bleyer AJ, Burkart JM: Utilization of inpatient and outpatient resources for the management of hemodialysis access complications. Am J Kidney Dis 28:250-256, 1996
251. Morbidity and mortality of dialysis. NIH Consens Statement 11:1-33, 1993
252. Bay WH, Van Cleef S, Owens M: The hemodialysis access: Preferences and concerns of patients, dialysis nurses and technicians, and physicians. Am J Nephrol 18:379-383, 1998
253. Sehgal AR, Snow RJ, Singer ME, et al: Barriers to adequate delivery of hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 31:593-601, 1998
254. Allon M, Bailey R, Ballard R, et al: A multidisciplinary approach to hemodialysis access: Prospective evaluation. Kidney Int 53:473-479, 1998
255. Cull DL, Taylor SM, Russell HE, Langan EM, Snyder BA, Sullivan TM: The impact of a community-wide vascular access program on the management of graft thromboses in a dialysis population of 495 patients. Am J Surg 178:113-116, 1999
256. Pfdederer TA, Darras FS, Welsch KW, Knudson J: How to organize hemodialysis vascular access quality assurance efforts into a cohesive whole for better patient outcomes. Contemp Dial Nephrol 21:18-21, 2000
257. Besarab A: Advances in end-stage renal diseases 2000. Access monitoring methods. Blood Purif 18:255-259, 2000
258. Sehgal AR, Dor A, Tsai AC: Morbidity and cost implications of inadequate hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 37:1223-1231, 2001
259. Aruny JE, Lewis CA, Cardella JF, et al: Quality improvement guidelines for percutaneous management of the thrombosed or dysfunctional dialysis access. J Vasc Interv Radiol 14:S247-S253, 2003 (suppl 2)
260. Besarab A, Lubkowski T, Ahsan M, Lim T, Frinak S: Access flow (QA) as a predictor of access dysfunction. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:202A, 1999 (abstr)
261. Besarab A, Ross R, Deane C, Needleman L: Intra-access flow in vascular accesses. ASAIO J 41:S108A, 1995 (suppl 1; abstr)
262. Chin AI, Chang W, Fitzgerald JT, et al: Intra-access blood flow in patients with newly created upper-arm arteriovenous native fistulae for hemodialysis access. Am J Kidney Dis 44:850-858, 2004
263. Kim YO, Yang CW, Yoon SA, et al: Access blood flow as a predictor of early failures of native arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 21:221-225, 2001
264. Won T, Jang JW, Lee S, Han JJ, Park YS, Ahn JH: Effects of intraoperative blood flow on the early patency of radiocephalic fistulas. Ann Vasc Surg 14:468-472, 2000
265. Besarab A, Dorrell S, Moritz M, Michael H, Sullivan K: Determinants of measured dialysis venous pressure and its relationship to true intra-access venous pressure. ASAIO Trans 37:M270-M271, 1991
266. Sullivan KL, Besarab A, Bonn J, Shapiro MJ, Gardiner GA Jr, Moritz MJ: Hemodynamics of failing dialysis grafts. Radiology 186:867-872, 1993
267. Sullivan KL, Besarab A, Dorrell S, Moritz MJ: The relationship between dialysis graft pressure and stenosis. Invest Radiol 27:352-355, 1992
268. Asif A, Gadalean FN, Merrill D, et al: Inflow stenosis in arteriovenous fistulas and grafts: A multicenter, prospective study. Kidney Int 67:1986-1992, 2005
269. Lilly RZ, Carlton D, Barker J, et al: Predictors of arteriovenous graft patency after radiologic intervention in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 37:945-953, 2001
270. Besarab A, Lubkowski T, Frinak S, Ramanathan S, Escobar F: Detecting vascular access dysfunction. ASAIO J 43:M539-M543, 1997
271. Besarab A, Lubkowski T, Frinak S, Ramanathan S, Escobar F: Detection of access strictures and outlet stenoses in vascular accesses. Which test is best? ASAIO J 43:M543-M547, 1997
272. Besarab A, Ross R, Al-Adel F, Deane C, Frinak S, Zasuwa G: The relation of intra-access pressure to flow. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:483A, 1995 (abstr)
273. Jones SA, Jin S, Kantak A, Bell DA, Paulson WD: Mathematical model for pressure losses in the hemodialysis graft vascular circuit. J Biomech Eng 127:60-66, 2005
274. Wang E, Schneditz D, Ronco C, Levin NW: Surveillance of fistula function by frequent recirculation measurements during high efficiency dialysis. ASAIO J 48:394-397, 2002
275. Beathard GA: The treatment of vascular access graft dysfunction: A nephrologist's view and experience. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1:131-147, 1994
276. Beathard GA: Physical examination of AV grafts. Semin Dial 5:74-76, 1996
277. Beathard GA: Physical examination: The forgotten tool, in Gray RJ, Sands JJ (eds): Dialysis Access: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002, pp 111-118
278. Trerotola SO, Scheel PJ Jr, Powe NR, et al: Screening for dialysis access graft malfunction: Comparison of physical examination with US. J Vasc Interv Radiol 7:15-20, 1996
279. Agarwal R, McDougal G: Buzz in the axilla: A new physical sign in hemodialysis forearm graft evaluation. Am J Kidney Dis 38:853-857, 2001
280. Trerotola SO, Ponce P, Stavropoulos SW, et al: Physical examination versus normalized pressure ratio for predicting outcomes of hemodialysis access interventions. J Vasc Interv Radiol 14:1387-1394, 2003
281. Mansy HA, Hoxie SJ, Patel NH, Sandler RH: Computerised analysis of auscultatory sounds associated with vascular patency of haemodialysis access. Med Biol Eng Comput 43:56-62, 2005
282. Bacchini G, Cappello A, La Milia V, Andrulli S, Locatelli F: Color Doppler ultrasonography imaging to guide transluminal angioplasty of venous stenosis. Kidney Int 58:1810-1813, 2000
283. Basseau F, Grenier N, Trillaud H, et al: Volume flow measurement in hemodialysis shunts using time-domain correlation. J Ultrasound Med 18:177-183, 1999
284. Bay WH, Henry ML, Lazarus JM, Lew NL, Ling J, Lowrie EG: Predicting hemodialysis access failure with color flow Doppler ultrasound. Am J Nephrol 18:296-304, 1998
285. May RE, Himmelfarb J, Yenicesu M, et al: Predictive measures of vascular access thrombosis: A prospective study. Kidney Int 52:1656-1662, 1997
286. Shackleton CR, Taylor DC, Buckley AR, Rowley VA, Cooperberg PL, Fry PD: Predicting failure in polytetrafluoroethylene vascular access grafts for hemodialysis: A pilot study. Can J Surg 30:442-444, 1987
287. Strauch BS, O'Connell RS, Geoly KL, Grundlehner M, Yakub YN, Tietjen DP: Forecasting thrombosis of vascular access with Doppler color flow imaging. Am J Kidney Dis 19:554-557, 1992
288. Laissy JP, Menegazzo D, Debray MP, et al: Failing arteriovenous hemodialysis fistulas: Assessment with magnetic resonance angiography. Invest Radiol 34:218-224, 1999
289. Oudenhoven LF, Pattynama PM, de Roos A, Seeverens HJ, Rebergen SA, Chang PC: Magnetic resonance, a new method for measuring blood flow in hemodialysis fistulae. Kidney Int 45:884-889, 1994
290. van Kempen BP, Smits HF, Blankestijn PJ: Haemodialysis access graft with shunting through an iatrogenic fistula—The diagnostic role of magnetic resonance flow measurement. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:444-446, 1999
291. Stewart SF: Effects of transducer, velocity, Doppler angle, and instrument settings on the accuracy of color Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 27:551-564, 2001
292. Winkler AJ, Wu J: Correction of intrinsic spectral broadening errors in Doppler peak velocity measurements made with phased sector and linear array transducers. Ultrasound Med Biol 21:1029-1035, 1995
293. Krivitski NM: Theory and validation of access flow measurement by dilution technique during hemodialysis. Kidney Int 48:244-250, 1995
294. Yarar D, Cheung AK, Sakiewicz P, et al: Ultrafiltration method for measuring vascular access flow rates during hemodialysis. Kidney Int 56:1129-1135, 1999
295. Ronco C, Brendolan A, Crepaldi C, D'Intini V, Sergeyeva O, Levin NW: Noninvasive transcutaneous access flow measurement before and after hemodialysis: Impact of hematocrit and blood pressure. Blood Purif 20:376-379, 2002
296. Steuer RR, Miller DR, Zhang S, Bell DA, Leypoldt JK: Noninvasive transcutaneous determination of access blood flow rate. Kidney Int 60:284-291, 2001
297. Magnasco A, Bacchini G, Cappello A, et al: Clinical validation of glucose pump test (GPT) compared with ultrasound dilution technology in arteriovenous graft surveillance. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:1835-1841, 2004
298. Ram SJ, Magnasco A, Jones SA, et al: In vivo validation of glucose pump test for measurement of hemodialysis access flow. Am J Kidney Dis 42:752-760, 2003
299. Bosc JY, LeBlanc M, Garred LJ, et al: Direct determination of blood recirculation rate in hemodialysis by a conductivity method. ASAIO J 44:68-73, 1998
300. Lindsay RM, Blake PG, Malek P, Posen G, Martin B, Bradfield E: Hemodialysis access blood flow rates can be measured by a differential conductivity technique and are predictive of access clotting. Am J Kidney Dis 30:475-482, 1997
301. Gotch FA, Buyaki R, Panlilio F, Folden T: Measurement of blood access flow rate during hemodialysis from conductivity dialysance. ASAIO J 45:139-146, 1999
302. Mercadal L, Hamani A, Bene B, Petitclerc T: Determination of access blood flow from ionic dialysance: Theory and validation. Kidney Int 56:1560-1565, 1999
303. Depner TA: Analysis of new methods for access monitoring. Semin Dial 12:376-381, 1999
304. Weitzel WF, Khosla N, Rubin JM: Retrograde hemodialysis access flow during dialysis as a predictor of access pathology. Am J Kidney Dis 37:1241-1246, 2001
305. Weitzel WF, Rubin JM, Leavey SF, Swartz RD, Dhingra RK, Messana JM: Analysis of variable flow Doppler hemodialysis access flow measurements and comparison with ultrasound dilution. Am J Kidney Dis 38:935-940, 2001
306. Weitzel WF, Rubin JM, Swartz RD, Woltmann DJ, Messana JM: Variable flow Doppler for hemodialysis access evaluation: Theory and clinical feasibility. ASAIO J 46:65-69, 2000
307. Lindsay RM, Blake PG, Bradfield E: Estimation of hemodialysis access blood flow rates by a urea method is a poor predictor of access outcome. ASAIO J 44:818-822, 1998
308. Sands J, Glidden D, Miranda C: Access flow measured during hemodialysis. ASAIO J 42:M530-M532, 1996
309. Besarab A, Lubkowski T, Vu A, Aslam A, Frinak S: Effects of systemic hemodynamics on flow within vascular accesses used for hemodialysis. ASAIO J 47:501-506, 2001
310. Pandeya S, Lindsay RM: The relationship between cardiac output and access flow during hemodialysis. ASAIO J 45:135-138, 1999
311. Rehman SU, Pupim LB, Shyr Y, Hakim R, Ikizler TA: Intradialytic serial vascular access flow measurements. Am J Kidney Dis 34:471-477, 1999
312. Polkinghorne KR, Atkins RC, Kerr PG: Native arteriovenous fistula blood flow and resistance during hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 41:132-139, 2003
313. Depner TA, Rizwan S, Stasi TA: Pressure effects on roller pump blood flow during hemodialysis. ASAIO Trans 36:M456-M459, 1990
314. Sands J, Glidden D, Jacavage W, Jones B: Difference between delivered and prescribed blood flow in hemodialysis. ASAIO J 42:M717-M719, 1996
315. Ahmed J, Besarab A, Lubkowski T, Frinak S: Effect of differing blood lines on delivered blood flow during hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 44:498-508, 2004
316. Francos GC, Burke JF Jr, Besarab A, Martinez J, Kirkwood RG, Hummel LA: An unsuspected cause of acute hemolysis during hemodialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 29:140-145, 1983
317. Spergel LM, Holland JE, Fadem SZ, McAllister CJ, Peacock EJ: Static intra-access pressure ratio does not correlate with access blood flow. Kidney Int 66:1512-1516, 2004
318. Besarab A, Frinak S, Aslam M: Pressure measurements in the surveillance of vascular accesses, in Gray RJ, Sands JJ (eds): Dialysis Access: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002, pp 137-150
319. Besarab A, al-Saghir F, Alnabhan N, Lubkowski T, Frinak S: Simplified measurement of intra-access pressure. ASAIO J 42:M682-M687, 1996
320. Bosch JP, Barlee V, Valdecasas JG: Blood flow measurement during hemodialysis. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1:83-88, 1994
321. Polaschegg HD: The extracorporeal circuit. Semin Dial 8:299-304, 1995
322. Schwab SJ, Raymond JR, Saeed M, Newman GE, Dennis PA, Bollinger RR: Prevention of hemodialysis fistula thrombosis. Early detection of venous stenoses. Kidney Int 36:707-711, 1989
323. Agarwal R, Davis JL: Monitoring interposition graft venous pressures at higher blood-flow rates improves sensitivity in predicting graft failure. Am J Kidney Dis 34:212-217, 1999
324. Polaschegg HD, Techert F, Wizemann V: Dynamic pressure measurement for detection of blood access stenosis. EDTNA ERCA J 24:39-44, 1998
325. Sirken GR, Shah C, Raja R: Slow-flow venous pressure for detection of arteriovenous graft malfunction. Kidney Int 63:1894-1898, 2003
326. Frinak S, Zasuwa G, Dunfee T, Besarab A, Yee J: Dynamic venous access pressure ratio test for hemodialysis access monitoring. Am J Kidney Dis 40:760-768, 2002
327. Collins DM, Lambert MB, Middleton JP, et al: Fistula dysfunction: Effect on rapid hemodialysis. Kidney Int 41:1292-1296, 1992
328. Alloatti S, Molino A, Bonfant G, Ratibondi S, Bosticardo GM: Measurement of vascular access recirculation unaffected by cardiopulmonary recirculation: Evaluation of an ultrasound method. Nephron 81:25-30, 1999
329. Brancaccio D, Tessitore N, Carpani P, et al: Potassium-based dilutional method to measure hemodialysis access recirculation. Int J Artif Organs 24:606-613, 2001
330. Magnasco A, Alloatti S, Bonfant G, Copello F, Solari P: Glucose infusion test: A new screening test for vascular access recirculation. Kidney Int 57:2123-2128, 2000
331. Hester RL, Curry E, Bower J: The determination of hemodialysis blood recirculation using blood urea nitrogen measurements. Am J Kidney Dis 20:598-602, 1992
332. Lopot F, Nejedly B, Sulkova S, Blaha J: Comparison of different techniques of hemodialysis vascular access flow evaluation. Int J Artif Organs 26:1056-1063, 2003
333. Teruel JL, Fernandez Lucas M, Marcen R, et al: Differences between blood flow as indicated by the hemodialysis blood roller pump and blood flow measured by an ultrasonic sensor. Nephron 85:142-147, 2000
334. Krivitski NM, Gantela S: Access flow measurement as a predictor of hemodialysis graft thrombosis: Making clinical decisions. Semin Dial 14:181-185, 2001
335. Sands J, Glidden D, Miranda C: Hemodialysis access flow measurement. Comparison of ultrasound dilution and duplex ultrasonography. ASAIO J 42:M899-M901, 1996
336. Lindsay RM, Bradfield E, Rothera C, Kianfar C, Malek P, Blake PG: A comparison of methods for the measurement of hemodialysis access recirculation and access blood flow rate. ASAIO J 44:62-67, 1998
337. Schwarz C, Mitterbauer C, Boczula M, et al: Flow monitoring: Performance characteristics of ultrasound dilution versus color Doppler ultrasound compared with fistulography. Am J Kidney Dis 42:539-545, 2003
338. Planken RN, Tordoir JH, Dammers R, et al: Stenosis detection in forearm hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulae by multiphase contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography: Preliminary experience. J Magn Reson Imaging 17:54-64, 2003
339. Tessitore N, Bedogna V, Gammaro L, et al: Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound dilution access blood flow measurement in detecting stenosis and predicting thrombosis in native forearm arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 42:331-341, 2003
340. Bosman PJ, Boereboom FT, Smits HF, Eikelboom BC, Koomans HA, Blankestijn PJ: Pressure or flow recordings for the surveillance of hemodialysis grafts. Kidney Int 52:1084-1088, 1997
341. Robbin ML, Oser RF, Allon M, et al: Hemodialysis access graft stenosis: US detection. Radiology 208:655-661, 1998
342. Gadallah MF, Paulson WD, Vickers B, Work J: Accuracy of Doppler ultrasound in diagnosing anatomic stenosis of hemodialysis arteriovenous access as compared with fistulography. Am J Kidney Dis 32:273-277, 1998
343. Lok CE, Bhola C, Croxford R, Richardson RM: Reducing vascular access morbidity: A comparative trial of two vascular access monitoring strategies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:1174-1180, 2003
344. Arbab-Zadeh A, Mehta RL, Ziegler TW, et al: Hemodialysis access assessment with intravascular ultrasound. Am J Kidney Dis 39:813-823, 2002
345. Pietura R, Janczarek M, Zaluska W, et al: Colour Doppler ultrasound assessment of well-functioning mature arteriovenous fistulas for haemodialysis access. Eur J Radiol 55:113-119, 2005
346. Grogan J, Castilla M, Lozanski L, Griffin A, Loth F, Bassiouny H: Frequency of critical stenosis in primary arteriovenous fistulae before hemodialysis access: Should duplex ultrasound surveillance be the standard of care? J Vasc Surg 41:1000-1006, 2005
347. Smits JH, van der Linden J, Hagen EC, et al: Graft surveillance: Venous pressure, access flow, or the combination? Kidney Int 59:1551-1558, 2001
348. National Kidney Foundation: K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Vascular Access: Update 2000. Am J Kidney Dis 37:S137-S181, 2001 (suppl 1)
349. Hoeben H, Abu-Alfa AK, Reilly RF, Aruny JE, Bouman K, Perazella MA: Vascular access surveillance: Evaluation of combining dynamic venous pressure and vascular access blood flow measurements. Am J Nephrol 23:403-408, 2003
350. Finlay DE, Longley DG, Foshager MC, Letourneau JG: Duplex and color Doppler sonography of hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas and grafts. Radiographics 13:983-989, 1993
351. Kirschbaum B, Compton A: Study of vascular access blood flow by angiodynography. Am J Kidney Dis 25:22-25, 1995
352. Safa AA, Valji K, Roberts AC, Ziegler TW, Hye RJ, Oglevie SB: Detection and treatment of dysfunctional hemodialysis access grafts: Effect of a surveillance program on graft patency and the incidence of thrombosis. Radiology 199:653-657, 1996
353. Beathard GA: Percutaneous therapy of vascular access dysfunction: Optimal management of access stenosis and thrombosis. Semin Dial 7:165-167, 1994
354. Beathard GA: Percutaneous angioplasty for the treatment of venous stenosis: A nephrologist's view. Semin Dial 8:166-170, 1995
355. Windus DW, Audrain J, Vanderson R, Jendrisak MD, Picus D, Delmez JA: Optimization of high-efficiency hemodialysis by detection and correction of fistula dysfunction. Kidney Int 38:337-341, 1990
356. Glanz S, Gordon DH, Butt KM, Hong J, Lipkowitz GS: The role of percutaneous angioplasty in the management of chronic hemodialysis fistulas. Ann Surg 206:777-781, 1987
357. Rodkin RS, Bookstein JJ, Heeney DJ, Davis GB: Streptokinase and transluminal angioplasty in the treatment of acutely thrombosed hemodialysis access fistulas. Radiology 149:425-428, 1983
358. Burger H, Zijlstra JJ, Kluchert SA, Scholten AP, Kootstra G: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty improves longevity in fistulae and shunts for hemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 5:608-611, 1990
359. Hakim R, Himmelfarb J: Hemodialysis access failure: A call to action. Kidney Int 54:1029-1040, 1998
360. Haruguchi H, Teraoka S: Intimal hyperplasia and hemodynamic factors in arterial bypass and arteriovenous grafts: A review. J Artif Organs 6:227-235, 2003
361. Kelly BS, Heffelfinger SC, Whiting JF, et al: Aggressive venous neointimal hyperplasia in a pig model of arteriovenous graft stenosis. Kidney Int 62:2272-2280, 2002
362. Roy-Chaudhury P, Kelly BS, Narayana A, et al: Hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction from basic biology to clinical intervention. Adv Ren Replace Ther 9:74-84, 2002
363. Roy-Chaudhury P, Kelly BS, Melhem M, et al: Novel therapies for hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction: Fact or fiction! Blood Purif 23:29-35, 2005
364. Neyra NR, Ikizler TA, May RE, et al: Change in access blood flow over time predicts vascular access thrombosis. Kidney Int 54:1714-1719, 1998
365. Goldstein SL, Allsteadt A: Ultrasound dilution evaluation of pediatric hemodialysis vascular access. Kidney Int 59:2357-2360, 2001
366. McCarley P, Wingard RL, Shyr Y, Pettus W, Hakim RM, Ikizler TA: Vascular access blood flow monitoring reduces access morbidity and costs.