NKF K/DOQI GUIDELINES Executive Summaries | Anemia | Hemodialysis | Peritoneal Dialysis | Vascular Access | Nutrition | CKD 2002 | Dyslipidemias | Bone Metabolism | Hypertension and Antihypertensive Agents | History of K/DOQI

1. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: Evaluation, classification, and stratification. Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative. Am J Kidney Dis 39:S1-S266, 2002 (suppl 2)

2. US Renal Data System. USRDS 2000 Annual Report, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Bethesda, MD, 2000

3. Levey AS, Beto JA, Coronado BE, Eknoyan G, Foley RN, Kasiske BL, Klag MJ, Mailloux LU, Manske CL, Meyer KB, Parfrey PS, Pfeffer MA, Wenger NK, Wilson PW, Wright JT Jr: Controlling the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease: what do we know? What do we need to learn? Where do we go from here? National Kidney Foundation Task Force on Cardiovascular Disease. Am J Kidney Dis 32:853-906, 1998

4. Levey AS: Controlling the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease: Where do we start? Am J Kidney Dis 32:S5-S13, 1998 (suppl 3)

5. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ: The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 report. JAMA 289:2560-2572, 2003

5a. Chobanian AV, Barkris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ: Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 42:1206-1252, 2003

6. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 26:S33-S50, 2003 (suppl 1)

7. Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, Coresh J, Culleton B, Hamm HL, McCullough PA, Kasiske BL, Kelepouris E, Klag MJ, Parfrey PS, Pfeffer M, Raij L, Spinosa DJ, Wilson PW: Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease. A statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 108:2154-2169, 2003

8. Hillege HL, Fidler V, Diercks GF, van Gilst WH, de Zeeuw D, van Veldhuisen DJ, Gans RO, Janssen WM, Grobbee DE, de Jong PE: Urinary albumin excretion predicts cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality in general population. Circulation 106:1777-1782, 2002

9. Manjunath G, Tighiouart H, Ibrahim H, MacLeod B, Salem DN, Griffith JL, Coresh J, Levey AS, Sarnak MJ: Level of kidney function as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:47-55, 2003

10. NIH, NHLBI: Update on the Task Force report (1987) on high blood pressure in children and adolescents: A working group report from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. NIH Publication No. 96-3790, 1996

11. Woolf SH: Manual for Clinical Practice Guideline Development. Rockville, MD, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1991

12. Coronado BE, Bu D, Levey AS, Meyer KB: Methods of literature review and synthesis. Am J Kidney Dis 32:S14-S55, 1998 (suppl 3)

13. Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, Kausz AT, Levin A, Steffes MW, Hogg RJ, Perrone RD, Lau J, Eknoyan G: National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: Evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med 139:137-147, 2003

14. National Kidney Foundation: K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for managing dyslipidemias in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 41:S1-S91, 2003 (suppl 3)

15. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 157:2413-2446, 1997

16. Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, Eknoyan G, Levey AS: Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis 41:1-12, 2003

17. USRDS 2001 Annual Data Report: Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Bethesda, MD, US Renal Data System, 2001

18. Warram JH, Gearin G, Laffel L, Krolewski AS: Effect of duration of type I diabetes on the prevalence of stages of diabetic nephropathy defined by urinary albumin/creatinine ratio. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:930-937, 1996

19. Jacobs DR Jr, Murtaugh MA, Steffes M, Yu X, Roseman J, Goetz FC: Gender- and race-specific determination of albumin excretion rate using albumin-to-creatinine ratio in single, untimed urine specimens: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Am J Epidemiol 155:1114-1119, 2002

20. Levey AS, Coresh J: Should the K/DOQI definition of chronic kidney disease be changed? CON (editorial). Am J Kidney Dis 42:623-625, 2003

21. Buckalew VM Jr, Berg RL, Wang SR, Porush JG, Rauch S, Schulman G: Prevalence of hypertension in 1,795 subjects with chronic renal disease: the modification of diet in renal disease study baseline cohort. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Am J Kidney Dis 28:811-821, 1996

22. Mailloux LU, Levey AS: Hypertension in patients with chronic renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 32:S120-S141, 1998 (suppl 3)

23. Coresh J, Wei GL, McQuillan G, Brancati FL, Levey AS, Jones C, Klag MJ: Prevalence of high blood pressure and elevated serum creatinine level in the United States: Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Arch Intern Med 161:1207-1216, 2001

24. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Sarnak MJ: Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 32:S112-S119, 1998 (suppl 3)

25. Sarnak MJ, Levey AS: Cardiovascular disease and chronic renal disease: A new paradigm. Am J Kidney Dis 35:S117-S131, 2000 (suppl 1)

26. Parfrey PS, Foley RN: The clinical epidemiology of cardiac disease in chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1606-1615, 1999

27. McCullough PA: Why is chronic kidney disease the "spoiler" for cardiovascular outcomes? J Am Coll Cardiol 41:725-728, 2003

28. Stehouwer CD, Gall MA, Twisk JW, Knudsen E, Emeis JJ, Parving HH: Increased urinary albumin excretion, endothelial dysfunction, and chronic low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes: Progressive, interrelated, and independently associated with risk of death. Diabetes 51:1157-1165, 2002

29. Gerstein HC, Mann JF, Yi Q, Zinman B, Dinneen SF, Hoogwerf B, Halle JP, Young J, Rashkow A, Joyce C, Nawaz S, Yusuf S: Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. JAMA 286:421-426, 2001

30. Agewall S, Wikstrand J, Ljungman S, Fagerberg B: Usefulness of microalbuminuria in predicting cardiovascular mortality in treated hypertensive men with and without diabetes mellitus. Risk Factor Intervention Study Group. Am J Cardiol 80:164-169, 1997

31. Stephenson JM, Kenny S, Stevens LK, Fuller JH, Lee E: Proteinuria and mortality in diabetes: The WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetes. Diabet Med 12:149-155, 1995

32. Dinneen SF, Gerstein HC: The association of microalbuminuria and mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A systematic overview of the literature. Arch Intern Med 157:1413-1418, 1997

33. Mogensen CE: Microalbuminuria predicts clinical proteinuria and early mortality in maturity-onset diabetes. N Engl J Med 310:356-360, 1984

34. Valmadrid CT, Klein R, Moss SE, Klein BE: The risk of cardiovascular disease mortality associated with microalbuminuria and gross proteinuria in persons with older-onset diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 160:1093-1100, 2000

35. Miettinen H, Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M: Proteinuria predicts stroke and other atherosclerotic vascular disease events in nondiabetic and non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Stroke 27:2033-2039, 1996

36. Messent JW, Elliott TG, Hill RD, Jarrett RJ, Keen H, Viberti GC: Prognostic significance of microalbuminuria in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A twenty-three year follow-up study. Kidney Int 41:836-839, 1992

37. Rossing P, Hougaard P, Borch-Johnsen K, Parving HH: Predictors of mortality in insulin dependent diabetes: 10 year observational follow up study. BMJ 313:779-784, 1996

38. Gall MA, Borch-Johnsen K, Hougaard P, Nielsen FS, Parving HH: Albuminuria and poor glycemic control predict mortality in NIDDM. Diabetes 44:1303-1309, 1995

39. Uusitupa MI, Niskanen LK, Siitonen O, Voutilainen E, Pyorala K: Ten-year cardiovascular mortality in relation to risk factors and abnormalities in lipoprotein composition in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Diabetologia 36:1175-1184, 1993

40. Diercks GF, Hillege HL, van Boven AJ, Kors JA, Crijns HJ, Grobbee DE, de Jong PE, van Gilst WH: Microalbuminuria modifies the mortality risk associated with electrocardiographic ST-T segment changes. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1401, 2002

41. De Leeuw PW, Thijs L, Birkenhager WH, Voyaki SM, Efstratopoulos AD, Fagard RH, Leonetti G, Nachev C, Petrie JC, Rodicio JL, Rosenfeld JJ, Sarti C, Staessen JA: Prognostic significance of renal function in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension: Results from the Syst-Eur trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:2213-2222, 2002

42. Ljungman S, Wikstrand J, Hartford M, Berglund G: Urinary albumin excretion—A predictor of risk of cardiovascular disease. A prospective 10-year follow-up of middle-aged nondiabetic normal and hypertensive men. Am J Hypertens 9:770-778, 1996

43. Damsgaard EM, Froland A, Jorgensen OD, Mogensen CE: Microalbuminuria as predictor of increased mortality in elderly people. BMJ 300:297-300, 1990

44. Grimm RH Jr, Svendsen KH, Kasiske B, Keane WF, Wahi MM: Proteinuria is a risk factor for mortality over 10 years of follow-up. MRFIT Research Group. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Kidney Int Suppl 63:S10-S14, 1997

45. Yudkin JS, Forrest RD, Jackson CA: Microalbuminuria as predictor of vascular disease in non-diabetic subjects. Islington Diabetes Survey. Lancet 2:530-533, 1988

46. Culleton BF, Larson MG, Parfrey PS, Kannel WB, Levy D: Proteinuria as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality in older people: A prospective study. Am J Med 109:1-8, 2000

47. Jager A, Kostense PJ, Ruhe HG, Heine RJ, Nijpels G, Dekker JM, Bouter LM, Stehouwer CD: Microalbuminuria and peripheral arterial disease are independent predictors of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, especially among hypertensive subjects: Five-year follow-up of the Hoorn Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:617-624, 1999

48. Roest M, Banga JD, Janssen WM, Grobbee DE, Sixma JJ, de Jong PE, de Zeeuw D, van Der Schouw YT: Excessive urinary albumin levels are associated with future cardiovascular mortality in postmenopausal women. Circulation 103:3057-3061, 2001

49. Kuusisto J, Mykkanen L, Pyorala K, Laakso M: Hyperinsulinemic microalbuminuria. A new risk indicator for coronary heart disease. Circulation 91:831-837, 1995

50. Ordonez JD, Hiatt RA, Killebrew EJ, Fireman BH: The increased risk of coronary heart disease associated with nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 44:638-642, 1993

51. Wagner DK, Harris T, Madans JH: Proteinuria as a biomarker: Risk of subsequent morbidity and mortality. Environ Res 66:160-172, 1994

52. Muntner P, He J, Hamm L, Loria C, Whelton PK: Renal insufficiency and subsequent death resulting from cardiovascular disease in the United States. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:745-753, 2002

53. Kannel WB, Stampfer MJ, Castelli WP, Verter J: The prognostic significance of proteinuria: The Framingham study. Am Heart J 108:1347-1352, 1984

54. Dries DL, Exner DV, Domanski MJ, Greenberg B, Stevenson LW: The prognostic implications of renal insufficiency in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 35:681-689, 2000

55. Kearney MT, Fox KA, Lee AJ, Prescott RJ, Shah AM, Batin PD, Baig W, Lindsay S, Callahan TS, Shell WE, Eckberg DL, Zaman AG, Williams S, Neilson JM, Nolan J: Predicting death due to progressive heart failure in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1801-1808, 2002

56. McClellan WM, Flanders WD, Langston RD, Jurkovitz C, Presley R: Anemia and renal insufficiency are independent risk factors for death among patients with congestive heart failure admitted to community hospitals: a population-based study. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:1928-1936, 2002

57. Hillege HL, Girbes AR, de Kam PJ, Boomsma F, de Zeeuw D, Charlesworth A, Hampton Jr, van Veldhuisen DJ: Renal function, neurohormonal activation, and survival in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 102:203-210, 2000

58. Mahon NG, Blackstone EH, Francis GS, Starling RC 3rd, Young JB, Lauer MS: The prognostic value of estimated creatinine clearance alongside functional capacity in ambulatory patients with chronic congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1106-1113, 2002

59. McCullough PA, Soman SS, Shah SS, Smith ST, Marks KR, Yee J, Borzak S: Risks associated with renal dysfunction in patients in the coronary care unit. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:679-684, 2000

60. Soman SS, Sandberg KR, Borzak S, Hudson MP, Yee J, McCullough PA: The independent association of renal dysfunction and arrhythmias in critically ill patients. Chest 122:669-677, 2002

61. Matts JP, Karnegis JN, Campos CT, Fitch LL, Johnson JW, Buchwald H: Serum creatinine as an independent predictor of coronary heart disease mortality in normotensive survivors of myocardial infarction. POSCH Group. J Fam Pract 36:497-503, 1993

62. Walsh CR, O’Donnell CJ, Camargo CA Jr, Giugliano RP, Lloyd-Jones DM: Elevated serum creatinine is associated with 1-year mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 144:1003-1011, 2002

63. Beattie JN, Soman SS, Sandberg KR, Yee J, Borzak S, Garg M, McCullough PA: Determinants of mortality after myocardial infarction in patients with advanced renal dysfunction. Am J Kidney Dis 37:1191-1200, 2001

64. Shlipak MG, Heidenreich PA, Noguchi H, Chertow GM, Browner WS, McClellan MB: Association of renal insufficiency with treatment and outcomes after myocardial infarction in elderly patients. Ann Intern Med 137:555-562, 2002

65. Wright RS, Reeder GS, Herzog CA, Albright RC, Williams BA, Dvorak DL, Miller WL, Murphy JG, Kopecky SL, Jaffe AS: Acute myocardial infarction and renal dysfunction: A high-risk combination. Ann Intern Med 137:563-570, 2002

66. McCullough PA, Nowak RM, Foreback C, Tokarski G, Tomlanovich MC, Khoury N, Weaver WD, Sandberg KR, McCord J: Emergency evaluation of chest pain in patients with advanced kidney disease. Arch Intern Med 162:2464-2468, 2002

67. Al Suwaidi J, Reddan DN, Williams K, Pieper KS, Harrington RA, Califf RM, Granger CB, Ohman EM, Holmes DR Jr: Prognostic implications of abnormalities in renal function in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 106:974-980, 2002

68. Freeman RV, Mehta RH, Al Badr W, Cooper JV, Kline-Rogers E, Eagle KA: Influence of concurrent renal dysfunction on outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes and implications of the use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:718-724, 2003

69. Wison S, Foo K, Cunningham J, Cooper J, Deaner A, Knight C, Ranjadayalan K, Timmis AD: Renal function and risk stratification in acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol 91:1051-1054, 2003

70. Januzzi JL Jr, Snapinn SM, DiBattiste PM, Jang IK, Theroux P: Benefits and safety of tirofiban among acute coronary syndrome patients with mild to moderate renal insufficiency: Results from the Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms (PRISM-PLUS) trial. Circulation 105:2361-2366, 2002

71. Best PJ, Lennon R, Ting HH, Bell MR, Rihal CS, Holmes DR, Berger PB: The impact of renal insufficiency on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:1113-1119, 2002

72. Shaw RE, Anderson HV, Brindis RG, Krone RJ, Klein LW, McKay CR, Block PC, Shaw LJ, Hewitt K, Weintraub WS: Development of a risk adjustment mortality model using the American College of Cardiology-National Cardiovascular Data Registry (ACC-NCDR) experience: 1998-2000. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:1104-1112, 2002

73. Rubenstein MH, Harrell LC, Sheynberg BV, Schunkert H, Bazari H, Palacios IF: Are patients with renal failure good candidates for percutaneous coronary revascularization in the new device era? Circulation 102:2966-2972, 2000

74. Reinecke H, Trey T, Matzkies F, Fobker M, Breithardt G, Schaefer RM: Grade of chronic renal failure, and acute and long-term outcome after percutaneous coronary interventions. Kidney Int 63:696-701, 2003

75. Szczech LA, Reddan DN, Owen WF, Califf R, Racz M, Jones RH, Hannan EL: Differential survival after coronary revascularization procedures among patients with renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 60:292-299, 2001

76. Szczech LA, Best PJ, Crowley E, Brooks MM, Berger PB, Bittner V, Gersh BJ, Jones R, Califf RM, Ting HH, Whitlow PJ, Detre KM, Holmes D: Outcomes of patients with chronic renal insufficiency in the bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation. Circulation 105:2253-2258, 2002

77. Gruberg L, Weissman NJ, Waksman R, Laird JR Jr, Pinnow EE, Wu H, Deible R, Kent KM, Pichard AD, Satler LF, Lindsay J Jr: Comparison of outcomes after percutaneous coronary revascularization with stents in patients with and without mild chronic renal insufficiency. Am J Cardiol 89:54-57, 2002

78. Gruberg L, Weissman NJ, Pichard AD, Waksman R, Kent KM, Satler LF, Suddath WO, Pinnow EE, Gevorkian N, Lindsay J Jr: Impact of renal function on morbidity and mortality after percutaneous aortocoronary saphenous vein graft intervention. Am Heart J 145:529-534, 2003

79. Anderson RJ, O’Brien M, MaWhinney S, VillaNueva CB, Moritz TE, Sethi GK, Henderson WG, Hammermeister KE, Grover FL, Shroyer AL: Renal failure predisposes patients to adverse outcome after coronary artery bypass surgery. VA Cooperative Study #5. Kidney Int 55:1057-1062, 1999

80. Beddhu S, Allen-Brady K, Cheung AK, Horne BD, Bair T, Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL: Impact of renal failure on the risk of myocardial infarction and death. Kidney Int 62:1776-1783, 2002

81. Hemmelgarn BR, Ghali WA, Quan H, Brant R, Norris CM, Taub KJ, Knudtson ML: Poor long-term survival after coronary angiography in patients with renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis 37:64-72, 2001

82. Shlipak MG, Simon JA, Grady D, Lin F, Wenger NK, Furberg CD: Renal insufficiency and cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women with coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 38:705-711, 2001

83. Mann JF, Gerstein HC, Pogue J, Bosch J, Yusuf S: Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and the impact of ramipril: The HOPE randomized trial [see comments]. Ann Intern Med 134:629-636, 2001

84. Anderson RJ, O’Brien M, MaWhinney S, VillaNueva CB, Moritz TE, Sethi GK, Henderson WG, Hammermeister KE, Grover FL, Shroyer AL: Mild renal failure is associated with adverse outcome after cardiac valve surgery. Am J Kidney Dis 35:1127-1134, 2000

85. Fried LP, Kronmal RA, Newman AB, Bild DE, Mittelmark MB, Polak JF, Robbins JA, Gardin JM: Risk factors for 5-year mortality in older adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study. JAMA 279:585-592, 1998

86. Manjunath G, Tighiouart H, Coresh J, Macleod B, Salem DN, Griffith JL, Levey AS, Sarnak MJ: Level of kidney function as a risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes in the elderly. Kidney Int 63:1121-1129, 2003

87. Manolio TA, Kronmal RA, Burke GL, O’Leary DH, Price TR: Short-term predictors of incident stroke in older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke 27:1479-1486, 1996

88. Gottdiener JS, Arnold AM, Aurigemma GP, Polak JF, Tracy RP, Kitzman DW, Gardin JM, Rutledge JE, Boineau RC: Predictors of congestive heart failure in the elderly: The Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 35:1628-1637, 2000

89. Ruilope LM, Salvetti A, Jamerson K, Hansson L, Warnold I, Wedel H, Zanchetti A: Renal function and intensive lowering of blood pressure in hypertensive participants of the hypertension optimal treatment (HOT) study. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:218-225, 2001

90. Schillaci G, Reboldi G, Verdecchia P: High-normal serum creatinine concentration is a predictor of cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension. Arch Intern Med 161:886-891, 2001

91. Henry RM, Kostense PJ, Bos G, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Bouter LM, Stehouwer CD: Mild renal insufficiency is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality: The Hoorn Study. Kidney Int 62:1402-1407, 2002

92. Flack JM, Neaton JD, Daniels B, Esunge P: Ethnicity and renal disease: Lessons from the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial and the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study. Am J Kidney Dis 21:31-40, 1993

93. Shulman NB, Ford CE, Hall WD, Blaufox MD, Simon D, Langford HG, Schneider KA: Prognostic value of serum creatinine and effect of treatment of hypertension on renal function. Results from the hypertension detection and follow-up program. The Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. Hypertension 13:I80-I93, 1989 (suppl 5)

94. O’Brien MM, Gonzales R, Shroyer AL, Grunwald GK, Daley J, Henderson WG, Khuri SF, Anderson RJ: Modest serum creatinine elevation affects adverse outcome after general surgery. Kidney Int 62:585-592, 2002

95. Garg AX, Clark WF, Haynes RB, House AA: Moderate renal insufficiency and the risk of cardiovascular mortality: Results from the NHANES I. Kidney Int 61:1486-1494, 2002

96. Culleton BF, Larson MG, Wilson PW, Evans JC, Parfrey PS, Levy D: Cardiovascular disease and mortality in a community-based cohort with mild renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 56:2214-2219, 1999

97. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Perry IJ: Serum creatinine concentration and risk of cardiovascular disease: A possible marker for increased risk of stroke. Stroke 28:557-563, 1997

98. Hunsicker LG, Adler S, Caggiula A, England BK, Greene T, Kusek JW, Rogers NL, Teschan PE: Predictors of the progression of renal disease in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Kidney Int 51:1908-1919, 1997

99. Brenner BM, Meyer TW, Hostetter TH: Dietary protein intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease: The role of hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular sclerosis in aging, renal ablation, and intrinsic renal disease. N Engl J Med 307:652-659, 1982

100. Remuzzi G, Bertani T: Is glomerulosclerosis a consequence of altered glomerular permeability to macromolecules? Kidney Int 38:384-394, 1990

101. Stroebel RJ, Broers JK, Houle SK, Scott CG, Naessens JM: Improving hypertension control: A team approach in a primary care setting. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 26:623-632, 2000

102. Mensah GA: Refining strategies for the prevention and control of hypertension and related complications. Ethn Dis 9:327-332, 1999

103. Gaede P, Vedel P, Parving HH, Pedersen O: Intensified multifactorial intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: The Steno type 2 randomised study. Lancet 353:617-622, 1999

104. Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, Jensen GV, Parving HH, Pedersen O: Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 348:383-393, 2003

105. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G: Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 342:145-153, 2000

106. Wing LM, Reid CM, Ryan P, Beilin LJ, Brown MA, Jennings GL, Johnston CI, McNeil JJ, Macdonald GJ, Marley JE, Morgan TO, West MJ: A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly. N Engl J Med 348:583-592, 2003

107. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 288:2981-2997, 2002

108. Diagnosis and management of hypertension in the primary care setting. Washington, DC, Department of Veterans Affairs, 1999

109. Management of diabetes mellitus in the primary care setting. Washington, DC, Department of Veterans Affairs, 1999

110. Kasiske BL, Vazquez MA, Harmon WE, Brown RS, Danovitch GM, Gaston RS, Roth D, Scandling JD, Singer GG: Recommendations for the outpatient surveillance of renal transplant recipients. American Society of Transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:S1-S86, 2000 (suppl 15)

111. Primary care guidelines for the management of core aspects of diabetes care. Wellington, New Zealand, New Zealand Guidelines Group (NZGG), 2000

112. Bakris GL, Williams M, Dworkin L, Elliott WJ, Epstein M, Toto R, Tuttle K, Douglas J, Hsueh W, Sowers J: Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: A consensus approach. National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Group. Am J Kidney Dis 36:646-661, 2000

113. VHA/DoD clinical practice guideline for the management of chronic kidney disease and pre-ESRD in the primary care setting. Washington, DC, Veterans Health Administration, 2001

114. Hypertension in older people. A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh, Scotland, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), 2001

115. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 25:213-229, 2002

116. Treatment of hypertension in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 25:199-201, 2002

117. Hypertension diagnosis and treatment. Bloomington, IN, Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI), 2002

118. Treatment of adults and children with renal failure: standards and audit measures (ed 3). London, UK, Royal College of Physicians of London and the Renal Association, 2002

119. Mooradian AD: Cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Current management guidelines. Arch Intern Med 163:33-40, 2003

120. Caring for Australians with renal impairment, CARI, 2003

121. Arauz-Pacheco C, Parrott MA, Raskin P: Treatment of hypertension in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 26:S80-S82, 2003 (suppl 1)

122. Primary Care Provider Targets for Chronic Kidney Disease. NIH Publication No. 03-5350, March 2003

123. Cockcroft DW, Gault MH: Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 16:31-41, 1976

124. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D: A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: A new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 130:461-470, 1999

125. Levey AS, Greene T, Kusek JW, Beck G: A simplified equation to predict glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:A0828, 2000 (abstr)

126. Schwartz GJ, Haycock GB, Edelmann CM Jr, Spitzer A: A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in children derived from body length and plasma creatinine. Pediatrics 58:259-263, 1976

127. Counahan R, Chantler C, Ghazali S, Kirkwood B, Rose F, Barratt TM: Estimation of glomerular filtration rate from plasma creatinine concentration in children. Arch Dis Child 51:875-878, 1976

127a. Obrador GT, Arora P, Kausz AT, Ruthazer R, Pereira BJ, Levey AS: Level of renal function at the initiation of dialysis in the U.S. end-stage renal disease population. Kidney Int 56:2227-2235, 1999

128. Keane WF, Eknoyan G: Proteinuria, albuminuria, risk, assessment, detection, elimination (PARADE): A position paper of the National Kidney Foundation. Am J Kidney Dis 33:1004-1010, 1999

129. Eknoyan G, Hostetter T, Bakris GL, Hebert L, Levey AS, Parving HH, Steffes MW, Toto R: Proteinuria and other markers of chronic kidney disease: A position statement of the national kidney foundation (NKF) and the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases (NIDDK). Am J Kidney Dis 42:617-622, 2003

130. Kinchen KS, Sadler J, Fink N, Brookmeyer R, Klag MJ, Levey AS, Powe NR: The timing of specialist evaluation in chronic kidney disease and mortality. Ann Intern Med 137:479-486, 2002

131. Avorn J, Bohn RL, Levy E, Levin R, Owen WF Jr, Winkelmayer WC, Glynn RJ: Nephrologist care and mortality in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Arch Intern Med 162:2002-2006, 2002

132. Levinsky NG: Specialist evaluation in chronic kidney disease: too little, too late. Ann Intern Med 137:542-543, 2002

133. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). SHEP Cooperative Research Group. JAMA 265:3255-3264, 1991

134. Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Beevers G, Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Ibsen H, Kristiansson K, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Lindholm LH, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, Wedel H: Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): A randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002

135. Guasch A, Parham M, Zayas CF, Campbell O, Nzerue C, Macon E: Contrasting effects of calcium channel blockade versus converting enzyme inhibition on proteinuria in African Americans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:793-798, 1997

136. Burns GC, Paul SK, Toth IR, Sivak SL: Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in HIV-associated nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:1140-1146, 1997

137. Aoki RY, Saad ST: Enalapril reduces the albuminuria of patients with sickle cell disease. Am J Med 98:432-435, 1995

138. Coggins CH, Breyer Lewis J, Caggiula AW, Castaldo LS, Klahr S, Wang SR: Differences between women and men with chronic renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:1430-1437, 1998

139. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, Ritz E, Atkins RC, Rohde R, Raz I: Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001

140. Jackson TW, Bakris G, Greene T, et al: Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease. Results from the AASK Trial. JAMA 288:2421-2431, 2002

141. Wright JT Jr, Bakris G, Greene T, Agodoa LY, Appel LJ, Charleston J, Cheek D, Douglas-Baltimore JG, Gassman J, Glassock R, Hebert L, Jamerson K, Lewis J, Phillips RA, Toto RD, Middleton JP, Rostand SG: Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA 288:2421-2431, 2002

142. Appel L, Robinson K, Guallar E: Utility of Blood Pressure Monitoring of the Clinical Setting. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 63 (Prepared by the Johns Hopkins Evidence-Based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-97-006). AHRQ Publication No. 03-E004. Rockville, MD, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, November 2002

143. O’Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, Imai Y, Mallion JM, Mancia G, Mengden T, Myers M, Padfield P, Palatini P, Parati G, Pickering T, Redon J, Staessen J, Stergiou G, Verdecchia P: European Society of Hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens 21:821-848, 2003

144. Jones DW, Appel LJ, Sheps SG, Roccella EJ, Lenfant C: Measuring blood pressure accurately: New and persistent challenges. JAMA 289:1027-1030, 2003

145. Hospitals for a Healthy Environment. Memorandum of understanding: EPA-AHA Agreement.

146. Pavlik VN, Hyman DJ, Toronjo C: Comparison of automated and mercury column blood pressure measurements in health care settings. J Clin Hypertens 2:81-86, 2000

147. Pickering T: Future developments in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and self-blood pressure monitoring in clinical practice. Blood Press Monit 7:21-25, 2002

148. Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L, Amery A: A consensus view on the technique of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. The Fourth International Consensus Conference on 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring. Hypertension 26:912-918, 1995

149. Prisant LM: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: Test reproducibility and its implications. Blood Press Monit 3:221-225, 1998

150. Wuhl E, Witte K, Soergel M, Mehls O, Schaefer F, Kirschstein M, Busch C, Danne T, Gellermann J, Holl R, Krull F, Reichert H, Reusz GS, Rascher W: Distribution of 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in children: Normalized reference values and role of body dimensions. J Hypertens 20:1995-2007, 2002

151. White WB: Ambulatory blood pressure as a predictor of target organ disease and outcome in the hypertensive patient. Blood Press Monit 4:181-184, 1999

152. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Working Meeting on Blood Pressure Measurements: Summary Report

153. Perloff D, Grim C, Flack J, Frohlich ED, Hill M, McDonald M, Morgenstern BZ: Human blood pressure determination by sphygmomanometry. Circulation 88:2460-2470, 1993

154. Staessen JA, Asmar R, De Buyzere M, Imai Y, Parati G, Shimada K, Stergiou G, Redon J, Verdecchia P: Task Force II: Blood pressure measurement and cardiovascular outcome. Blood Press Monit 6:355-370, 2001

155. Konings CJ, Dammers R, Rensma PL, Kooman JP, Hoeks AP, Kornet L, Gladziwa U, van der Sande FM, Leunissen KM: Arterial wall properties in patients with renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 39:1206-1212, 2002

156. Markandu ND, Whitcher F, Arnold A, Carney C: The mercury sphygmomanometer should be abandoned before it is proscribed. J Hum Hypertens 14:31-36, 2000

157. Vanasse A, Courteau J: [Evaluation of sphygmomanometers used by family physicians practicing outside the hospital environment in Bas-Saint-Laurent]. Can Fam Physician 47:281-286, 2001

158. Mion D, Pierin AM: How accurate are sphygmomanometers? J Hum Hypertens 12:245-248, 1998

159. Knight T, Leech F, Jones A, Walker L, Wickramasinghe R, Angris S, Rolfe P: Sphygmomanometers in use in general practice: An overlooked aspect of quality in patient care. J Hum Hypertens 15:681-684, 2001

160. O’Brien E, Petrie J, Littler WA, de Swiet M, Padfield PD, Dillon MJ, et al: Blood Pressure Measurement: Recommendations of the British Hypertension Society (ed 3). London, UK, BMJ Publishing Group, 1997

161. Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation: American National Standard. Electronic or automated sphygmomanometer. ANSI/AAMi SP 10-1992. Arlington, VA, AAMI, 1992

162. O’Brien E, van Montfrans G, Palatini P, Tochikubo O, Staessen J, Shirasaki O, Lipicky R, Myers M: Task Force I: Methodological aspects of blood pressure measurement. Blood Press Monit 6:313-315, 2001

163. O’Brien E: State of the market for devices for blood pressure measurement. Blood Press Monit 6:281-286, 2001

164. Myers MG: Reporting bias in self-measurement of blood pressure. Blood Press Monit 6:181-183, 2001

165. Mengden T, Hernandez Medina RM, Beltran B, Alvarez E, Kraft K, Vetter H: Reliability of reporting self-measured blood pressure values by hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 11:1413-1417, 1998

166. Mazze RS, Shamoon H, Pasmantier R, Lucido D, Murphy J, Hartmann K, Kuykendall V, Lopatin W: Reliability of blood glucose monitoring by patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 77:211-217, 1984

167. Gong H Jr, Simmons MS, Clark VA, Tashkin DP: Metered-dose inhaler usage in subjects with asthma: Comparison of Nebulizer Chronolog and daily diary recordings. J Allergy Clin Immunol 82:5-10, 1988

168. Staessen JA, Beilin L, Parati G, Waeber B, White W: Task force IV: Clinical use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Participants of the 1999 Consensus Conference on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring. Blood Press Monit 4:319-331, 1999

169. White WB: Clinical utility of ambulatory blood pressure: Perspectives for national insurance coverage. Blood Press Monit 7:27-31, 2002

170. Hoegholm A, Kristensen KS, Bang LE, Nielsen JW: White coat hypertension and target organ involvement: The impact of different cut-off levels on albuminuria and left ventricular mass and geometry. J Hum Hypertens 12:433-439, 1998

171. White WB: Ambulatory blood-pressure monitoring in clinical practice. N Engl J Med 348:2377-2378, 2003

172. Clement DL, De Buyzere ML, De Bacquer DA, de Leeuw PW, Duprez DA, Fagard RH, Gheeraert PJ, Missault LH, Braun JJ, Six RO, Van Der Niepen P, O’Brien E: Prognostic value of ambulatory blood-pressure recordings in patients with treated hypertension. N Engl J Med 348:2407-2415, 2003

173. Pickering TG, Davidson K, Gerin W, Schwartz JE: Masked hypertension. Hypertension 40:795-796, 2002

174. Covic A, Goldsmith DJ, Farmer CK, Cox J, Dallyn P, Sharpstone P, Kingswood JC: How reproducible is diurnal blood pressure rhythm in patients with secondary (renal) hypertension? Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 103:88-93, 1999

175. Staessen JA, O’Brien ET: Development of diagnostic thresholds for automated measurement of blood pressures in adults. Blood Press Monit 4:127-136, 1999

176. Baumgart P, Walger P, Gemen S, von Eiff M, Raidt H, Rahn KH: Blood pressure elevation during the night in chronic renal failure, hemodialysis and after renal transplantation. Nephron 57:293-298, 1991

177. Middeke M, Schrader J: Nocturnal blood pressure in normotensive subjects and those with white coat, primary, and secondary hypertension. BMJ 308:630-632, 1994

178. McGregor DO, Olsson C, Lynn KL: Autonomic dysfunction and ambulatory blood pressure in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 71:1277-1281, 2001

179. Lurbe E, Redon J, Kesani A, Pascual JM, Tacons J, Alvarez V, Batlle D: Increase in nocturnal blood pressure and progression to microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 347:797-805, 2002

180. Csiky B, Kovacs T, Wagner L, Vass T, Nagy J: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and progression in patients with IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:86-90, 1999

181. Timio M, Venanzi S, Lolli S, Lippi G, Verdura C, Monarca C, Guerrini E: "Non-dipper" hypertensive patients and progressive renal insufficiency: A 3-year longitudinal study. Clin Nephrol 43:382-387, 1995

182. Farmer CK, Goldsmith DJ, Quin JD, Dallyn P, Cox J, Kingswood JC, Sharpstone P: Progression of diabetic nephropathy—Is diurnal blood pressure rhythm as important as absolute blood pressure level? Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:635-639, 1998

183. Nakano S, Fukuda M, Hotta F, Ito T, Ishii T, Kitazawa M, Nishizawa M, Kigoshi T, Uchida K: Reversed circadian blood pressure rhythm is associated with occurrences of both fatal and nonfatal vascular events in NIDDM subjects. Diabetes 47:1501-1506, 1998

184. Tucker B, Fabbian F, Giles M, Thuraisingham RC, Raine AE, Baker LR: Left ventricular hypertrophy and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12:724-728, 1997

185. Palatini P, Mormino P, Santonastaso M, Mos L, Dal Follo M, Zanata G, Pessina AC: Target-organ damage in stage I hypertensive subjects with white coat and sustained hypertension: Results from the HARVEST study. Hypertension 31:57-63, 1998

186. Cuspidi C, Lonati L, Sampieri L, Michev I, Macca G, Rocanova JI, Salerno M, Fusi V, Leonetti G, Zanchetti A: Prevalence of target organ damage in treated hypertensive patients: Different impact of clinic and ambulatory blood pressure control. J Hypertens 18:803-809, 2000

187. Deal JE, Snell MF, Barratt TM, Dillon MJ: Renovascular disease in childhood. J Pediatr 121:378-384, 1992

188. Bendel-Stenzel M, Najarian JS, Sinaiko AR: Renal artery stenosis in infants: Long-term medical treatment before surgery. Pediatr Nephrol 10:147-151, 1996

189. Plumer LB, Mendoza SA, Kaplan GW: Hypertension in infancy: The case for aggressive management. J Urol 113:555-557, 1975

190. Adelman RD, Merten D, Vogel J, Goetzman BW, Wennberg RP: Nonsurgical management of renovascular hypertension in the neonate. Pediatrics 62:71-76, 1978

191. Sinaiko AR, Mirkin BL, Hendrick DA, Green TP, O’Dea RF: Antihypertensive effect and elimination kinetics of captopril in hypertensive children with renal disease. J Pediatr 103:799-805, 1983

192. van de Ven PJ, Beutler JJ, Kaatee R, Beek FJ, Mali WP, Koomans HA: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-induced renal dysfunction in atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Kidney Int 53:986-993, 1998

193. Bakris GL, Weir MR: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated elevations in serum creatinine: Is this a cause for concern? Arch Intern Med 160:685-693, 2000

194. Short-term effects of protein intake, blood pressure, and antihypertensive therapy on glomerular filtration rate in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:2097-2109, 1996

195. Krijnen P, van Jaarsveld BC, Steyerberg EW, Man in ’t Veld AJ, Schalekamp MA, Habbema JD: A clinical prediction rule for renal artery stenosis. Ann Intern Med 129:705-711, 1998

196. Wilcox CS: Screening for renal artery stenosis: Are scans more accurate than clinical criteria? Ann Intern Med 129:738-740, 1998

197. Elliott WJ, Martin WB, Murphy MB: Comparison of two noninvasive screening tests for renovascular hypertension. Arch Intern Med 153:755-764, 1993

198. Blaufox MD, Middleton ML, Bongiovanni J, Davis BR: Cost efficacy of the diagnosis and therapy of renovascular hypertension. J Nucl Med 37:171-177, 1996

199. Vasbinder GB, Nelemans PJ, Kessels AG, Kroon AA, de Leeuw PW, van Engelshoven JM: Diagnostic tests for renal artery stenosis in patients suspected of having renovascular hypertension: A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 135:401-411, 2001

200. Radermacher J, Chavan A, Bleck J, Vitzthum A, Stoess B, Gebel MJ, Galanski M, Koch KM, Haller H: Use of Doppler ultrasonography to predict the outcome of therapy for renal-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 344:410-417, 2001

201. Setaro JF, Saddler MC, Chen CC, Hoffer PB, Roer DA, Markowitz DM, Meier GH, Gusberg RJ, Black HR: Simplified captopril renography in diagnosis and treatment of renal artery stenosis. Hypertension 18:289-298, 1991

202. Dondi M, Fanti S, De Fabritiis A, Zuccala A, Gaggi R, Mirelli M, Stella A, Marengo M, Losinno F, Monetti N: Prognostic value of captopril renal scintigraphy in renovascular hypertension. J Nucl Med 33:2040-2044, 1992

203. Pedersen EB: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor renography. Pathophysiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects in renal artery stenosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 9:482-492, 1994

204. Franklin SS, Smith RD: Comparison of effects of enalapril plus hydrochlorothiazide versus standard triple therapy on renal function in renovascular hypertension. Am J Med 79:14-23, 1985

205. Jackson B, Murphy BF, Johnston CI, Kincaid-Smith P, Whitworth JA: Renovascular hypertension: Treatment with the oral angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril. Am J Nephrol 6:182-186, 1986

206. Jackson B, McGrath BP, Matthews PG, Wong C, Johnston CI: Differential renal function during angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in renovascular hypertension. Hypertension 8:650-654, 1986

207. Hodsman GP, Brown JJ, Cumming AM, Davies DL, East BW, Lever AF, Morton JJ, Murray GD, Robertson JI: Enalapril in treatment of hypertension with renal artery stenosis. Changes in blood pressure, renin, angiotensin I and II, renal function, and body composition. Am J Med 77:52-60, 1984

208. Greminger P, Luscher TF, Zuber J, Kuhlmann U, Schneider E, Siegenthaler W, Largiader F, Vetter W: Surgery, transluminal dilatation and medical therapy in the management of renovascular hypertension. Nephron 44:36-39, 1986 (suppl 1)

209. Chabova V, Schirger A, Stanson AW, McKusick MA, Textor SC: Outcomes of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis managed without revascularization. Mayo Clin Proc 75:437-444, 2000

210. Losito A, Gaburri M, Errico R, Parente B, Cao PG: Survival of patients with renovascular disease and ACE inhibition. Clin Nephrol 52:339-343, 1999

211. van Jaarsveld BC, Krijnen P, Pieterman H, Derkx FH, Deinum J, Postma CT, Dees A, Woittiez AJ, Bartelink AK, Man in ’t Veld AJ, Schalekamp MA: The effect of balloon angioplasty on hypertension in atherosclerotic renal-artery stenosis. Dutch Renal Artery Stenosis Intervention Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 342:1007-1014, 2000

212. Plouin PF, Chatellier G, Darne B, Raynaud A: Blood pressure outcome of angioplasty in atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: A randomized trial. Essai Multicentrique Medicaments vs Angioplastie (EMMA) Study Group. Hypertension 31:823-829, 1998

213. Uzzo RG, Novick AC, Goormastic M, Mascha E, Pohl M: Medical versus surgical management of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Transplant Proc 34:723-725, 2002

214. Clark NM, Becker MH: Theoretical models and strategies for improving adherence and disease management, in SAS, EBS, JKO, WLM (eds): Handbook of Health Behavior Change (ed 2). New York, NY, Springer, 1998, pp 5-32

215. Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, Brown C, Cutler JA, Higgins M, Horan MJ, Labarthe D: Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991. Hypertension 25:305-313, 1995

216. Mallion JM, Genes N, Vaur L, Clerson P, Vaisse B, Bobrie G, Chatellier G: Blood pressure levels, risk factors and antihypertensive treatments: Lessons from the SHEAF study. J Hum Hypertens 15:841-848, 2001

217. Burt VL, Cutler JA, Higgins M, Horan MJ, Labarthe D, Whelton P, Brown C, Roccella EJ: Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the adult US population. Data from the health examination surveys, 1960 to 1991. Hypertension 26:60-69, 1995

218. Knight EL, Bohn RL, Wang PS, Glynn RJ, Mogun H, Avorn J: Predictors of uncontrolled hypertension in ambulatory patients. Hypertension 38:809-814, 2001

219. Neutel JM: The use of combination drug therapy in the treatment of hypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs 17:81-88, 2002

220. Gavras HP: Issues in hypertension: Drug tolerability and special populations. Am J Hypertens 14:231S-236S, 2001

221. Freis ED: Improving treatment effectiveness in hypertension. Arch Intern Med 159:2517-2521, 1999

222. Sharkness CM, Snow DA: The patient’s view of hypertension and compliance. Am J Prev Med 8:141-146, 1992

223. Feldman R, Bacher M, Campbell N, Drover A, Chockalingam A: Adherence to pharmacologic management of hypertension. Can J Public Health 89:I16-18, 1998

224. Tomlinson B: Optimal dosage of ACE inhibitors in older patients. Drugs Aging 9:262-273, 1996

225. Alderman MH, Madhavan S, Cohen H: Antihypertensive drug therapy. The effect of JNC criteria on prescribing patterns and patient status through the first year. Am J Hypertens 9:413-418, 1996

226. Flack JM, Novikov SV, Ferrario CM: Benefits of adherence to anti-hypertensive drug therapy. Eur Heart J 17:16-20, 1996 (suppl A)

227. Cheng JW, Kalis MM, Feifer S: Patient-reported adherence to guidelines of the Sixth Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Pharmacotherapy 21:828-841, 2001

228. Degli Esposti E, Sturani A, Degli Esposti L, Macini PL, Falasca P, Valpiani G, Buda S: Pharmacoutilization of antihypertensive drugs: A model of analysis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 39:251-258, 2001

229. Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA, Applegate WB, Ettinger WH Jr, Kostis JB, Kumanyika S, Lacy CR, Johnson KC, Folmar S, Cutler JA: Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: A randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). TONE Collaborative Research Group. JAMA 279:839-846, 1998

230. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Vogt TM, Cutler JA, Windhauser MM, Lin PH, Karanja N: A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 336:1117-1124, 1997

231. Liebson PR, Grandits GA, Dianzumba S, Prineas RJ, Grimm RH Jr, Neaton JD, Stamler J: Comparison of five antihypertensive monotherapies and placebo for change in left ventricular mass in patients receiving nutritional-hygienic therapy in the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Circulation 91:698-706, 1995

232. Stevens VJ, Corrigan SA, Obarzanek E, Bernauer E, Cook NR, Hebert P, Mattfeldt-Beman M, Oberman A, Sugars C, Dalcin AT, et al: Weight loss intervention in phase 1 of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. The TOHP Collaborative Research Group. Arch Intern Med 153:849-858, 1993

233. Elmer PJ, Grimm RH Jr, Flack J, Laing B: Dietary sodium reduction for hypertension prevention and treatment. Hypertension 17:I182-189, 1991

234. Midgley JP, Matthew AG, Greenwood CM, Logan AG: Effect of reduced dietary sodium on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 275:1590-1597, 1996

235. Bodenheimer T, Lorig K, Holman H, Grumbach K: Patient self-management of chronic disease in primary care. JAMA 288:2469-2475, 2002

236. Lorig KR, Sobel DS, Ritter PL, Laurent D, Hobbs M: Effect of a self-management program on patients with chronic disease. Eff Clin Pract 4:256-262, 2001

237. Lorig KR, Ritter P, Stewart AL, Sobel DS, Brown BW Jr, Bandura A, Gonzalez VM, Laurent DD, Holman HR: Chronic disease self-management program: 2-year health status and health care utilization outcomes. Med Care 39:1217-1223, 2001

238. McCann BS, Bovberg VE: Promoting dietary change, in SAS, EBS, JKO, WLM (eds): Handbook of Health Behavior Change (ed 2). New York, NY, Springer, 1998, pp 166-168

239. Mulrow CD, Chiquette E, Angel L, Cornell J, Summerbell C, Anagnostelis B, Brand M, Grimm R: Dieting to reduce body weight for controlling hypertension in adults. (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2002

240. Murdaugh CL: Problems with Adherence in the Elderly, in SAS, EBS, JKO, WLM (eds): Handbook of Health Behavior Change (ed 2). New York, NY, Springer, 1998, pp 357-376

241. Salas M, In’t Veld BA, van der Linden PD, Hofman A, Breteler M, Stricker BH: Impaired cognitive function and compliance with antihypertensive drugs in elderly: The Rotterdam Study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 70:561-566, 2001

242. Haynes RB, McDonald H, Garg AX, Montague P: Interventions for helping patients to follow prescriptions for medications (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2002

243. Friedman RH, Kazis LE, Jette A, Smith MB, Stollerman J, Torgerson J, Carey K: A telecommunications system for monitoring and counseling patients with hypertension. Impact on medication adherence and blood pressure control. Am J Hypertens 9:285-292, 1996

244. Becker LA, Glanz K, Sobel E, Mossey J, Zinn SL, Knott KA: A randomized trial of special packaging of antihypertensive medications. J Fam Pract 22:357-361, 1986

245. Baird MG, Bentley-Taylor MM, Carruthers SG, Dawson KG, Laplante LE, Larochelle P, MacCannell KL, Marquez-Julio A, Silverberg LR, Talbot P: A study of efficacy, tolerance and compliance of once-daily versus twice-daily metoprolol (Betaloc) in hypertension. Betaloc Compliance Canadian Cooperative Study Group. Clin Invest Med 7:95-102, 1984

246. Logan AG, Milne BJ, Achber C, Campbell WP, Haynes RB: Work-site treatment of hypertension by specially trained nurses. A controlled trial. Lancet 2:1175-1178, 1979

247. Johnson AL, Taylor DW, Sackett DL, Dunnett CW, Shimizu AG: Self-recording of blood pressure in the management of hypertension. Can Med Assoc J 119:1034-1039, 1978

248. Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Gibson ES, Taylor DW, Hackett BC, Roberts RS, Johnson AL: Improvement of medication compliance in uncontrolled hypertension. Lancet 1:1265-1268, 1976

249. Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Gibson ES, Hackett BC, Taylor DW, Roberts RS, Johnson AL: Randomised clinical trial of strategies for improving medication compliance in primary hypertension. Lancet 1:1205-1207, 1975

249a. Beder J, Johnstone S, Callahan MB, Le Sage L: Effectiveness of a social work psychoeducational program in improving adherence behavior associated with risk of CKD in ESRD patients. J Nephrol Social Work 22:12-22, 2003

250. Monane M, Bohn RL, Gurwitz JH, Glynn RJ, Levin R, Avorn J: The effects of initial drug choice and comorbidity on antihypertensive therapy compliance: Results from a population-based study in the elderly. Am J Hypertens 10:697-704, 1997

251. Fogari R, Zoppi A: Effects of antihypertensive therapy on sexual activity in hypertensive men. Curr Hypertens Rep 4:202-210, 2002

252. Svensson S, Kjellgren KI, Ahlner J, Saljo R: Reasons for adherence with antihypertensive medication. Int J Cardiol 76:157-163, 2000

253. Schillinger D, Piette J, Grumbach K, Wang F, Wilson C, Daher C, Leong-Grotz K, Castro C, Bindman AB: Closing the loop: physician communication with diabetic patients who have low health literacy. Arch Intern Med 163:83-90, 2003

254. Wagner L: Hypertension in African-American males. Clin Excell Nurse Pract 2:225-231, 1998

255. Wilson RP, Freeman A, Kazda MJ, Andrews TC, Berry L, Vaeth PA, Victor RG: Lay beliefs about high blood pressure in a low- to middle-income urban African-American community: An opportunity for improving hypertension control. Am J Med 112:26-30, 2002

256. Sudano JJ Jr, Baker DW: Antihypertensive medication use in Hispanic adults: A comparison with black adults and white adults. Med Care 39:575-587, 2001

257. Kim C, Kwok YS: Navajo use of native healers. Arch Intern Med 158:2245-2249, 1998

258. Resnicow K, Braithwaite RL: Cultural sensitivity in public health, in Braithwaite RL, Taylor SE (eds): Health Issues in the Black Community. San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass Publishers, 2001, pp 516-542

259. Enlund H, Jokisalo E, Wallenius S, Korhonen M: Patient-perceived problems, compliance, and the outcome of hypertension treatment. Pharm World Sci 23:60-64, 2001

260. Ambrosioni E, Leonetti G, Pessina AC, Rappelli A, Trimarco B, Zanchetti A: Patterns of hypertension management in Italy: Results of a pharmacoepidemiological survey on antihypertensive therapy. Scientific Committee of the Italian Pharmacoepidemiological Survey on Antihypertensive Therapy. J Hypertens 18:1691-1699, 2000

261. Degli Esposti E, Sturani A, Di Martino M, Falasca P, Novi MV, Baio G, Buda S, Volpe M: Long-term persistence with antihypertensive drugs in new patients. J Hum Hypertens 16:439-444, 2002

262. Marentette MA, Gerth WC, Billings DK, Zarnke KB: Antihypertensive persistence and drug class. Can J Cardiol 18:649-656, 2002

263. Ruzicka M, Leenen FH: Monotherapy versus combination therapy as first line treatment of uncomplicated arterial hypertension. Drugs 61:943-954, 2001

264. Sica DA: Rationale for fixed-dose combinations in the treatment of hypertension: The cycle repeats. Drugs 62:443-462, 2002

265. Cohen JS: Adverse drug effects, compliance, and initial doses of antihypertensive drugs recommended by the Joint National Committee vs the Physicians’ Desk Reference. Arch Intern Med 161:880-885, 2001

266. Dezji CM: A retrospective study of persistence with single-pill combination therapy vs. concurrent two-pill therapy in patients with hypertension. Managed Care 9:206, 2000 (suppl 9)

267. Andrejak M, Genes N, Vaur L, Poncelet P, Clerson P, Carre A: Electronic pill-boxes in the evaluation of antihypertensive treatment compliance: Comparison of once daily versus twice daily regimen. Am J Hypertens 13:184-190, 2000

268. Iskedjian M, Einarson TR, MacKeigan LD, Shear N, Addis A, Mittmann N, Ilersich AL: Relationship between daily dose frequency and adherence to antihypertensive pharmacotherapy: evidence from a meta-analysis. Clin Ther 24:302-316, 2002

269. Mitchell J, Mathews HF, Hunt LM, Cobb KH, Watson RW: Mismanaging prescription medications among rural elders: The effects of socioeconomic status, health status, and medication profile indicators. Gerontologist 41:348-356, 2001

270. Ahluwalia JS, McNagny SE, Rask KJ: Correlates of controlled hypertension in indigent, inner-city hypertensive patients. J Gen Intern Med 12:7-14, 1997

271. Wang PS, Bohn RL, Knight E, Glynn RJ, Mogun H, Avorn J: Noncompliance with antihypertensive medications: The impact of depressive symptoms and psychosocial factors. J Gen Intern Med 17:504-511, 2002

272. Irwin CE Jr, Millstein SG, Ellen JM: Appointment-keeping behavior in adolescents: Factors associated with follow-up appointment-keeping. Pediatrics 92:20-23, 1993

273. McClure RJ, Newell SJ, Edwards S: Patient characteristics affecting attendance at general outpatient clinics. Arch Dis Child 74:121-125, 1996

274. McPherson ML, Lairson DR, Smith EO, Brody BA, Jefferson LS: Noncompliance with medical follow-up after pediatric intensive care. Pediatrics 109:e94, 2002

275. Tershakovec AM, Kuppler K: Ethnicity, insurance type, and follow-up in a pediatric weight management program. Obes Res 11:17-20, 2003

275a. Williams M, Baker D, Parker R, Nurss JR: Relationship of functional health literacy to patients’ knowledge of their chronic disease: A study of patients with hypertension and diabetes. Arch Intern Med 158:166-172, 1998

275b. Fouad MN, Kiefe CI, Bartolucci AA, Burst NM, Ulene V, Harvey MR: A hypertension control program tailored to unskilled and minority workers. Ethnicity Dis 7:191-199, 1997

276. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285:2486-2497, 2001

277. American Diabetes Association: Clinical Practice Recommendations 2000. Diabetes Care 23:S1-S116, 2000 (suppl 1)

278. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in Chronic Renal Failure. K/DOQI, National Kidney Foundation. Am J Kidney Dis 35:S1-S140, 2000 (suppl 3)

279. Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, Rimm EB, Willett WC: Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N Engl J Med 343:16-22, 2000

280. Hu FB, Willett WC: Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease. JAMA 288:2569-2578, 2002

281. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER 3rd, Simons-Morton DG, Karanja N, Lin PH: Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 344:3-10, 2001

281a. Conlin PR, Chow DC, Miller ER III, Svetky LP, Lin P-H, Harsha DW, Moore TJ, Sacks FM, Appel LJ: The effect of dietary patterns on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients: Results from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trial. Am J Hypertens 13:949-955, 2000

281b. Johnson RJ, Herrera-Acosta J, Schreiner GF, Rodriguez-Iturbe B: Mechanisms of disease: Subtle acquired renal injury as a mechanism of salt-sensitive hypertension. N Engl J Med 346:913-923, 2002

282. Johnson RJ, Herrera-Acosta J, Schreiner GF, Rodriguez-Iturbe B: Subtle acquired renal injury as a mechanism of salt-sensitive hypertension. N Engl J Med 346:913-923, 2002

283. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine: Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 2002

283a. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine: Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 1997

284. Levey AS, Greene T, Beck GJ, Caggiula AW, Kusek JW, Hunsicker LG, Klahr S: Dietary protein restriction and the progression of chronic renal disease: What have all of the results of the MDRD study shown? Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study group. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:2426-2439, 1999

284a. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC, National Academies, 1997

285. Coburn JW, Elangovan L: Prevention of metabolic bone disease in the pre-end-stage renal disease setting. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:S71-S77, 1998

286. Dwyer JT, Cunniff PJ, Maroni BJ, Kopple JD, Burrowes JD, Powers SN, Cockram DB, Chumlea WC, Kusek JW, Makoff R, Goldstein DJ, Paranandi L: The hemodialysis pilot study: Nutrition program and participant characteristics at baseline. The HEMO Study Group. J Ren Nutr 8:11-20, 1998

287. Adequacy of dialysis and nutrition in continuous peritoneal dialysis: Association with clinical outcomes. Canada-USA (CANUSA) Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:198-207, 1996

288. Caggiula AW, Bosch JP, Habwe VQ, Kusek J, McLeroy S, Milas NC, Scherch L, Stollar C: Dietary compliance patterns in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study, Phase III. J Am Soc Nephrol 1:288, 1990 (abstr)

289. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1991, Data Computed for the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Atlanta, GA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1988-1991

290. Ernst ND, Sempos CT, Briefel RR, Clark MB: Consistency between US dietary fat intake and serum total cholesterol concentrations: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Am J Clin Nutr 66:965S-972S, 1997

291. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative. Am J Kidney Dis 42:S1-S201, 2003 (suppl 3)

291a. Levey AS, Beto JA, Coronado BE, Eknoyan G, Foley RN, Kasiske BL, Klag MJ, Mailloux LU, Manske CL, Meyer KB, Parfrey PS, Pfeffer MA, Wenger NK, Wilson PW, Wright JT Jr: Controlling the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease: What do we know? What do we need to learn? Where do we go from here? Natiional Kidney Foundation Task Force on Cardiovascular Disease. Am J Kidney Dis 32:853-906, 1998

291b. K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Managing Dyslipidemias in Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Kidney Dis 41:S1-S92, 2003 (suppl 3)

292. Rahman M, Cutler J, Davis B, Pressel S, Whelton P: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes in hypertensive patients with impaired renal function. Am J Kidney Dis 41:A31, 2003

293. Rahman M, Cutler J, Davis B, Pressel S, Whelton P: Renal outcomes in hypertensive patients with impaired renal function. Am J Kidney Dis 41:A6, 2003

294. Basic guidelines for diabetes care. California Department of Health Services, Diabetes Control Program, 2002

295. Type 2 diabetes practice guidelines. Staged diabetes management: A systematic approach., in, Minneapolis, MN, Matrex International Diabetes Center, 2000

296. Hypertension. Singapore, Singapore Ministry of Health, 2000

297. Stable coronary artery disease. Bloomington, MN, Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI), 2002

298. Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on Coronary Prevention. Eur Heart J 19:1434-1503, 1998

299. Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Grunwald MA, Levy D, Lytle BW, O’Rourke RA, Schafer WP, Williams SV, Ritchie JL, Cheitlin MD, Eagle KA, Gardner TJ, Garson A Jr, Russell RO, Ryan TJ, Smith SC Jr: ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol 33:2092-2197, 1999

300. Hunt SA, Baker DW, Chin MH, Cinquegrani MP, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Goldstein S, Gregoratos G, Jessup ML, Noble RJ, Packer M, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Gibbons RJ, Antman EM, Alpert JS, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Jacobs AK, Hiratzka LF, Russell RO, Smith SC Jr: ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: Executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol 38:2101-2113, 2001

301. Appel LJ: The verdict from ALLHAT—Thiazide diuretics are the preferred initial therapy for hypertension. JAMA 288:3039-3042, 2002

302. Rahman M, Brown C, Coresh J, Eckfeldr J, Jelley M, Kopyt N, Levey AS, Pressel S, Reisin E, Wentworth C, Davis B, Group ACR: Baseline characteristics of ALLHAT participants with impaired renal function: Association with coexistent cardiovascular disease. Am J Hypertens 15:175A, 2002

303. Holland OB, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Kuhnert LV, Poindexter C, Pak CY: Antihypertensive comparison of furosemide with hydrochlorothiazide for black patients. Arch Intern Med 139:1015-1021, 1979

304. Ram CV, Garrett BN, Kaplan NM: Moderate sodium restriction and various diuretics in the treatment of hypertension. Arch Intern Med 141:1015-1019, 1981

305. Reubi FC, Cottier PT: Effect of reduced glomerular filtration rate on responsiveness to chlorothiazide and mercurial diuretics. Circulation 23:200, 1961

306. Paton RR, Kane RE: Long-term diuretic therapy with metolazone of renal failure and the nephrotic syndrome. J Clin Pharmacol 17:243-251, 1977

307. Rajagopalan S, Pitt B: Aldosterone antagonists in the treatment of hypertension and target organ damage. Curr Hypertens Rep 3:240-248, 2001

308. Pollare T, Lithell H, Morlin C, Prantare H, Hvarfner A, Ljunghall S: Metabolic effects of diltiazem and atenolol: Results from a randomized, double-blind study with parallel groups. J Hypertens 7:551-559, 1989

309. Psaty BM, Smith NL, Siscovick DS, Koepsell TD, Weiss NS, Heckbert SR, Lemaitre RN, Wagner EH, Furberg CD: Health outcomes associated with antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents. A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 277:739-745, 1997

310. MRC trial of treatment of mild hypertension: Principal results. Medical Research Council Working Party. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 291:97-104, 1985

311. Hjalmarson A, Goldstein S, Fagerberg B, Wedel H, Waagstein F, Kjekshus J, Wikstrand J, El Allaf D, Vitovec J, Aldershvile J, Halinen M, Dietz R, Neuhaus KL, Janosi A, Thorgeirsson G, Dunselman PH, Gullestad L, Kuch J, Herlitz J, Rickenbacher P, Ball S, Gottlieb S, Deedwania P: Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure: The Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). MERIT-HF Study Group. JAMA 283:1295-1302, 2000

312. Moser M, Frishman W: Results of therapy with carvedilol, a beta-blocker vasodilator with antioxidant properties, in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 11:15S-22S, 1998

313. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): A randomised trial. Lancet 353:9-13, 1999

314. 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. Guidelines Subcommittee. J Hypertens 17:151-183, 1999

315. Kendall MJ, Lynch KP, Hjalmarson A, Kjekshus J: Beta-blockers and sudden cardiac death. Ann Intern Med 123:358-367, 1995

316. Kaplan NM, Gifford RW Jr: Choice of initial therapy for hypertension. JAMA 275:1577-1580, 1996

317. Radack K, Deck C: Beta-adrenergic blocker therapy does not worsen intermittent claudication in subjects with peripheral arterial disease. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 151:1769-1776, 1991

317a. Nowicki M, Miszczak-Kuban J: Nonselective beta-adrenergic blockade augments fasting hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 91:222-227, 2002

318. Blaufarb I, Pfeifer TM, Frishman WH: beta-blockers. Drug interactions of clinical significance. Drug Saf 13:359-370, 1995

319. Lalka D, Griffith RK, Cronenberger CL: The hepatic first-pass metabolism of problematic drugs. J Clin Pharmacol 33:657-669, 1993

320. Wood AJ, Feely J: Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with propranolol. Clin Pharmacokinet 8:253-262, 1983

321. Flockhart DA, Tanus-Santos JE: Implications of cytochrome P450 interactions when prescribing medication for hypertension. Arch Intern Med 162:405-412, 2002

322. Miller RR, Olson HG, Amsterdam EA, Mason DT: Propranolol-withdrawal rebound phenomenon. Exacerbation of coronary events after abrupt cessation of antianginal therapy. N Engl J Med 293:416-418, 1975

323. Rangno RE, Nattel S, Lutterodt A: Prevention of propranolol withdrawal mechanism by prolonged small dose propranolol schedule. Am J Cardiol 49:828-833, 1982

324. Psaty BM, Koepsell TD, Wagner EH, LoGerfo JP, Inui TS: The relative risk of incident coronary heart disease associated with recently stopping the use of beta-blockers. JAMA 263:1653-1657, 1990

325. Houston MC: Abrupt cessation of treatment in hypertension: Consideration of clinical features, mechanisms, prevention and management of the discontinuation syndrome. Am Heart J 102:415-430, 1981

326. Schoolwerth AC, Sica DA, Ballermann BJ, Wilcox CS: Renal considerations in angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease and the Council for High Blood Pressure Research of the American Heart Association. Circulation 104:1985-1991, 2001

327. Viberti G, Mogensen CE, Groop LC, Pauls JF: Effect of captopril on progression to clinical proteinuria in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria. European Microalbuminuria Captopril Study Group. JAMA 271:275-279, 1994

328. Captopril reduces the risk of nephropathy in IDDM patients with microalbuminuria. The Microalbuminuria Captopril Study Group. Diabetologia 39:587-593, 1996

329. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD: The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 329:1456-1462, 1993 (erratum 330:152, 1993)

330. Hebert LA, Bain RP, Verme D, Cattran D, Whittier FC, Tolchin N, Rohde RD, Lewis EJ: Remission of nephrotic range proteinuria in type I diabetes. Collaborative Study Group. Kidney Int 46:1688-1693, 1994

331. Wilmer WA, Hebert LA, Lewis EJ, Rohde RD, Whittier F, Cattran D, Levey AS, Lewis JB, Spitalewitz S, Blumenthal S, Bain RP: Remission of nephrotic syndrome in type 1 diabetes: Long-term follow-up of patients in the Captopril Study. Am J Kidney Dis 34:308-314, 1999

332. Hovind P, Rossing P, Tarnow L, Smidt UM, Parving HH: Remission and regression in the nephropathy of type 1 diabetes when blood pressure is controlled aggressively. Kidney Int 60:277-283, 2001

333. Ravid M, Savin H, Jutrin I, Bental T, Katz B, Lishner M: Long-term stabilizing effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on plasma creatinine and on proteinuria in normotensive type II diabetic patients. Ann Intern Med 118:577-581, 1993

334. Lebovitz HE, Wiegmann TB, Cnaan A, Shahinfar S, Sica DA, Broadstone V, Schwartz SL, Mengel MC, Segal R, Versaggi JA, et al: Renal protective effects of enalapril in hypertensive NIDDM: role of baseline albuminuria. Kidney Int Suppl 45:S150-S155, 1994

335. Chan JC, Ko GT, Leung DH, Cheung RC, Cheung MY, So WY, Swaminathan R, Nicholls MG, Critchley JA, Cockram CS: Long-term effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and metabolic control in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Kidney Int 57:590-600, 2000

336. Nielsen FS, Rossing P, Gall MA, Skott P, Smidt UM, Parving HH: Impact of lisinopril and atenolol on kidney function in hypertensive NIDDM subjects with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 43:1108-1113, 1994

337. Bakris GL, Copley JB, Vicknair N, Sadler R, Leurgans S: Calcium channel blockers versus other antihypertensive therapies on progression of NIDDM associated nephropathy. Kidney Int 50:1641-1650, 1996

338. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving HH, Remuzzi G, Snapinn SM, Zhang Z, Shahinfar S, Renaal SI: Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001

339. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P: Type IiPw: The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:870-878, 2001

340. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 316:1429-1435, 1987

341. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. The SOLVD Investigators. N Engl J Med 325:293-302, 1991

342. Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S, Cobb F, Francis G, Tristani F, Smith R, Dunkman WB, Loeb H, Wong M, et al: A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 325:303-310, 1991

343. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. The SOLVD Investigattors.